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FA-89021 / Digital logic simulation / Open access

Last equal-strength driver wins contention · case 01

Two strong drivers fighting yield the value of whichever is listed last instead of x.

Verified by executionVariant 1 · 11 checks per implementationDownload source bundle ↓JSON ↗

ROOT CAUSE

Equal-strength drivers are not compared; the last one is taken.

VERIFIED REPAIR

Return 'x' whenever the top-strength drivers disagree.

Unsuccessful approach: Resolving contention as wired-OR still hides a real 0/1 fight.

Case contract

Input [drivers, keeper]: drivers are [value, strength] with value in 0/1/x/z and strength weak < pull < strong. 'z' drivers are ignored. With no active driver the net is the keeper value, or 'z' when keeper is None. Otherwise only drivers at the highest present strength matter: a single agreed value wins, any disagreement (including x) gives 'x'.

Why this case matters

Resolved nets in switch-level and RTL simulators combine drivers by strength; mixing up strengths or keepers changes observed bus values.

1 / The failure

Exit 1
"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json

N = 1
observations = []
def solve(*args):
    drivers, keep = args
    rank = {'weak': 0, 'pull': 1, 'strong': 2}
    live = [(v, s) for v, s in drivers if v != 'z']
    if not live:
        return keep if keep is not None else 'z'
    top = max(live, key=lambda d: rank[d[1]])[1]
    vals = sorted({v for v, s in live if s == top})
    return [v for v, s in live if s == top][-1]
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
fixtures = [[('strong beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], None], '1'), ('pull beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'pull']], None], '1'), ('strong contention', [[['0', 'strong'], ['1', 'strong'], ['1', 'pull']], None], 'x'), ('pull contention with weak agreement', [[['1', 'pull'], ['0', 'pull'], ['1', 'weak']], '1'], 'x'), ('released strong driver beside weak one', [[['z', 'strong'], ['1', 'weak']], None], '1'), ('all released with keeper', [[['z', 'strong']], '1'], '1'), ('single released driver with keeper', [[['z', 'pull']], '1'], '1'), ('all released without keeper', [[['z', 'weak'], ['z', 'strong']], None], 'z'), ('weak driver disagrees with keeper', [[['1', 'weak']], '0'], '1'), ('weak unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'weak'], ['0', 'strong']], None], '0'), ('pull unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'pull'], ['1', 'strong']], '0'], '1')], [('strong beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], None], '1'), ('pull beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'pull']], None], '1'), ('strong contention', [[['0', 'strong'], ['1', 'strong'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull']], None], 'x'), ('pull contention with weak agreement', [[['1', 'pull'], ['0', 'pull'], ['1', 'weak']], '1'], 'x'), ('released strong driver beside weak one', [[['z', 'strong'], ['1', 'weak']], None], '1'), ('all released with keeper', [[['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], '0'], '0'), ('single released driver with keeper', [[['z', 'pull']], '1'], '1'), ('all released without keeper', [[['z', 'weak'], ['z', 'strong']], None], 'z'), ('weak driver disagrees with keeper', [[['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak']], '0'], '1'), ('weak unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'weak'], ['0', 'strong']], None], '0'), ('pull unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'pull'], ['1', 'strong']], '0'], '1')], [('strong beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], None], '1'), ('pull beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'pull']], None], '1'), ('strong contention', [[['0', 'strong'], ['1', 'strong'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull']], None], 'x'), ('pull contention with weak agreement', [[['1', 'pull'], ['0', 'pull'], ['1', 'weak']], '1'], 'x'), ('released strong driver beside weak one', [[['z', 'strong'], ['1', 'weak']], None], '1'), ('all released with keeper', [[['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], '1'], '1'), ('single released driver with keeper', [[['z', 'pull']], '1'], '1'), ('all released without keeper', [[['z', 'weak'], ['z', 'strong']], None], 'z'), ('weak driver disagrees with keeper', [[['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak']], '0'], '1'), ('weak unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'weak'], ['0', 'strong']], None], '0'), ('pull unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'pull'], ['1', 'strong']], '0'], '1')], [('strong beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], None], '1'), ('pull beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'pull']], None], '1'), ('strong contention', [[['0', 'strong'], ['1', 'strong'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull']], None], 'x'), ('pull contention with weak agreement', [[['1', 'pull'], ['0', 'pull'], ['1', 'weak']], '1'], 'x'), ('released strong driver beside weak one', [[['z', 'strong'], ['1', 'weak']], None], '1'), ('all released with keeper', [[['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], '0'], '0'), ('single released driver with keeper', [[['z', 'pull']], '1'], '1'), ('all released without keeper', [[['z', 'weak'], ['z', 'strong']], None], 'z'), ('weak driver disagrees with keeper', [[['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak']], '0'], '1'), ('weak unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'weak'], ['0', 'strong']], None], '0'), ('pull unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'pull'], ['1', 'strong']], '0'], '1')], [('strong beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], None], '1'), ('pull beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'pull']], None], '1'), ('strong contention', [[['0', 'strong'], ['1', 'strong'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull']], None], 'x'), ('pull contention with weak agreement', [[['1', 'pull'], ['0', 'pull'], ['1', 'weak']], '1'], 'x'), ('released strong driver beside weak one', [[['z', 'strong'], ['1', 'weak']], None], '1'), ('all released with keeper', [[['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], '1'], '1'), ('single released driver with keeper', [[['z', 'pull']], '1'], '1'), ('all released without keeper', [[['z', 'weak'], ['z', 'strong']], None], 'z'), ('weak driver disagrees with keeper', [[['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak']], '0'], '1'), ('weak unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'weak'], ['0', 'strong']], None], '0'), ('pull unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'pull'], ['1', 'strong']], '0'], '1')]]
for label, args, expected in fixtures[N-1]:
    check(label, solve(*args), expected)
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)
Boundary fixtureActualExpectedOutcome
strong beats weak listed first11Passed
pull beats weak listed first11Passed
strong contention1xFailed
pull contention with weak agreement0xFailed
released strong driver beside weak one11Passed
all released with keeper11Passed
single released driver with keeper11Passed
all released without keeperzzPassed
weak driver disagrees with keeper11Passed
weak unknown under strong driver00Passed
pull unknown under strong driver11Passed

SHA-256 / 3e747515003938d0292b1a1fbff7ebd162d5ef8a27fcd0a764b8953ed4382bce

2 / The unsuccessful fix

Exit 1
"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json

N = 1
observations = []
def solve(*args):
    drivers, keep = args
    rank = {'weak': 0, 'pull': 1, 'strong': 2}
    live = [(v, s) for v, s in drivers if v != 'z']
    if not live:
        return keep if keep is not None else 'z'
    top = max(live, key=lambda d: rank[d[1]])[1]
    vals = sorted({v for v, s in live if s == top})
    return vals[-1] if '1' in vals else (vals[0] if len(vals) == 1 else 'x')
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
fixtures = [[('strong beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], None], '1'), ('pull beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'pull']], None], '1'), ('strong contention', [[['0', 'strong'], ['1', 'strong'], ['1', 'pull']], None], 'x'), ('pull contention with weak agreement', [[['1', 'pull'], ['0', 'pull'], ['1', 'weak']], '1'], 'x'), ('released strong driver beside weak one', [[['z', 'strong'], ['1', 'weak']], None], '1'), ('all released with keeper', [[['z', 'strong']], '1'], '1'), ('single released driver with keeper', [[['z', 'pull']], '1'], '1'), ('all released without keeper', [[['z', 'weak'], ['z', 'strong']], None], 'z'), ('weak driver disagrees with keeper', [[['1', 'weak']], '0'], '1'), ('weak unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'weak'], ['0', 'strong']], None], '0'), ('pull unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'pull'], ['1', 'strong']], '0'], '1')], [('strong beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], None], '1'), ('pull beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'pull']], None], '1'), ('strong contention', [[['0', 'strong'], ['1', 'strong'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull']], None], 'x'), ('pull contention with weak agreement', [[['1', 'pull'], ['0', 'pull'], ['1', 'weak']], '1'], 'x'), ('released strong driver beside weak one', [[['z', 'strong'], ['1', 'weak']], None], '1'), ('all released with keeper', [[['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], '0'], '0'), ('single released driver with keeper', [[['z', 'pull']], '1'], '1'), ('all released without keeper', [[['z', 'weak'], ['z', 'strong']], None], 'z'), ('weak driver disagrees with keeper', [[['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak']], '0'], '1'), ('weak unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'weak'], ['0', 'strong']], None], '0'), ('pull unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'pull'], ['1', 'strong']], '0'], '1')], [('strong beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], None], '1'), ('pull beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'pull']], None], '1'), ('strong contention', [[['0', 'strong'], ['1', 'strong'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull']], None], 'x'), ('pull contention with weak agreement', [[['1', 'pull'], ['0', 'pull'], ['1', 'weak']], '1'], 'x'), ('released strong driver beside weak one', [[['z', 'strong'], ['1', 'weak']], None], '1'), ('all released with keeper', [[['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], '1'], '1'), ('single released driver with keeper', [[['z', 'pull']], '1'], '1'), ('all released without keeper', [[['z', 'weak'], ['z', 'strong']], None], 'z'), ('weak driver disagrees with keeper', [[['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak']], '0'], '1'), ('weak unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'weak'], ['0', 'strong']], None], '0'), ('pull unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'pull'], ['1', 'strong']], '0'], '1')], [('strong beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], None], '1'), ('pull beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'pull']], None], '1'), ('strong contention', [[['0', 'strong'], ['1', 'strong'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull']], None], 'x'), ('pull contention with weak agreement', [[['1', 'pull'], ['0', 'pull'], ['1', 'weak']], '1'], 'x'), ('released strong driver beside weak one', [[['z', 'strong'], ['1', 'weak']], None], '1'), ('all released with keeper', [[['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], '0'], '0'), ('single released driver with keeper', [[['z', 'pull']], '1'], '1'), ('all released without keeper', [[['z', 'weak'], ['z', 'strong']], None], 'z'), ('weak driver disagrees with keeper', [[['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak']], '0'], '1'), ('weak unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'weak'], ['0', 'strong']], None], '0'), ('pull unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'pull'], ['1', 'strong']], '0'], '1')], [('strong beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], None], '1'), ('pull beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'pull']], None], '1'), ('strong contention', [[['0', 'strong'], ['1', 'strong'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull']], None], 'x'), ('pull contention with weak agreement', [[['1', 'pull'], ['0', 'pull'], ['1', 'weak']], '1'], 'x'), ('released strong driver beside weak one', [[['z', 'strong'], ['1', 'weak']], None], '1'), ('all released with keeper', [[['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], '1'], '1'), ('single released driver with keeper', [[['z', 'pull']], '1'], '1'), ('all released without keeper', [[['z', 'weak'], ['z', 'strong']], None], 'z'), ('weak driver disagrees with keeper', [[['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak']], '0'], '1'), ('weak unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'weak'], ['0', 'strong']], None], '0'), ('pull unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'pull'], ['1', 'strong']], '0'], '1')]]
for label, args, expected in fixtures[N-1]:
    check(label, solve(*args), expected)
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)
Boundary fixtureActualExpectedOutcome
strong beats weak listed first11Passed
pull beats weak listed first11Passed
strong contention1xFailed
pull contention with weak agreement1xFailed
released strong driver beside weak one11Passed
all released with keeper11Passed
single released driver with keeper11Passed
all released without keeperzzPassed
weak driver disagrees with keeper11Passed
weak unknown under strong driver00Passed
pull unknown under strong driver11Passed

SHA-256 / e28901570d19498eac7e843ab53a5b9018fbbf52545b8f86ed7b046068e905df

3 / The verified repair

Exit 0
"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json

N = 1
observations = []
def solve(*args):
    drivers, keep = args
    rank = {'weak': 0, 'pull': 1, 'strong': 2}
    live = [(v, s) for v, s in drivers if v != 'z']
    if not live:
        return keep if keep is not None else 'z'
    top = max(live, key=lambda d: rank[d[1]])[1]
    vals = sorted({v for v, s in live if s == top})
    return vals[0] if len(vals) == 1 else 'x'
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
fixtures = [[('strong beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], None], '1'), ('pull beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'pull']], None], '1'), ('strong contention', [[['0', 'strong'], ['1', 'strong'], ['1', 'pull']], None], 'x'), ('pull contention with weak agreement', [[['1', 'pull'], ['0', 'pull'], ['1', 'weak']], '1'], 'x'), ('released strong driver beside weak one', [[['z', 'strong'], ['1', 'weak']], None], '1'), ('all released with keeper', [[['z', 'strong']], '1'], '1'), ('single released driver with keeper', [[['z', 'pull']], '1'], '1'), ('all released without keeper', [[['z', 'weak'], ['z', 'strong']], None], 'z'), ('weak driver disagrees with keeper', [[['1', 'weak']], '0'], '1'), ('weak unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'weak'], ['0', 'strong']], None], '0'), ('pull unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'pull'], ['1', 'strong']], '0'], '1')], [('strong beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], None], '1'), ('pull beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'pull']], None], '1'), ('strong contention', [[['0', 'strong'], ['1', 'strong'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull']], None], 'x'), ('pull contention with weak agreement', [[['1', 'pull'], ['0', 'pull'], ['1', 'weak']], '1'], 'x'), ('released strong driver beside weak one', [[['z', 'strong'], ['1', 'weak']], None], '1'), ('all released with keeper', [[['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], '0'], '0'), ('single released driver with keeper', [[['z', 'pull']], '1'], '1'), ('all released without keeper', [[['z', 'weak'], ['z', 'strong']], None], 'z'), ('weak driver disagrees with keeper', [[['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak']], '0'], '1'), ('weak unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'weak'], ['0', 'strong']], None], '0'), ('pull unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'pull'], ['1', 'strong']], '0'], '1')], [('strong beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], None], '1'), ('pull beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'pull']], None], '1'), ('strong contention', [[['0', 'strong'], ['1', 'strong'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull']], None], 'x'), ('pull contention with weak agreement', [[['1', 'pull'], ['0', 'pull'], ['1', 'weak']], '1'], 'x'), ('released strong driver beside weak one', [[['z', 'strong'], ['1', 'weak']], None], '1'), ('all released with keeper', [[['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], '1'], '1'), ('single released driver with keeper', [[['z', 'pull']], '1'], '1'), ('all released without keeper', [[['z', 'weak'], ['z', 'strong']], None], 'z'), ('weak driver disagrees with keeper', [[['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak']], '0'], '1'), ('weak unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'weak'], ['0', 'strong']], None], '0'), ('pull unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'pull'], ['1', 'strong']], '0'], '1')], [('strong beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], None], '1'), ('pull beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'pull']], None], '1'), ('strong contention', [[['0', 'strong'], ['1', 'strong'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull']], None], 'x'), ('pull contention with weak agreement', [[['1', 'pull'], ['0', 'pull'], ['1', 'weak']], '1'], 'x'), ('released strong driver beside weak one', [[['z', 'strong'], ['1', 'weak']], None], '1'), ('all released with keeper', [[['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], '0'], '0'), ('single released driver with keeper', [[['z', 'pull']], '1'], '1'), ('all released without keeper', [[['z', 'weak'], ['z', 'strong']], None], 'z'), ('weak driver disagrees with keeper', [[['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak']], '0'], '1'), ('weak unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'weak'], ['0', 'strong']], None], '0'), ('pull unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'pull'], ['1', 'strong']], '0'], '1')], [('strong beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], None], '1'), ('pull beats weak listed first', [[['0', 'weak'], ['1', 'pull']], None], '1'), ('strong contention', [[['0', 'strong'], ['1', 'strong'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull'], ['1', 'pull']], None], 'x'), ('pull contention with weak agreement', [[['1', 'pull'], ['0', 'pull'], ['1', 'weak']], '1'], 'x'), ('released strong driver beside weak one', [[['z', 'strong'], ['1', 'weak']], None], '1'), ('all released with keeper', [[['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong'], ['z', 'strong']], '1'], '1'), ('single released driver with keeper', [[['z', 'pull']], '1'], '1'), ('all released without keeper', [[['z', 'weak'], ['z', 'strong']], None], 'z'), ('weak driver disagrees with keeper', [[['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak'], ['1', 'weak']], '0'], '1'), ('weak unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'weak'], ['0', 'strong']], None], '0'), ('pull unknown under strong driver', [[['x', 'pull'], ['1', 'strong']], '0'], '1')]]
for label, args, expected in fixtures[N-1]:
    check(label, solve(*args), expected)
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)
Boundary fixtureActualExpectedOutcome
strong beats weak listed first11Passed
pull beats weak listed first11Passed
strong contentionxxPassed
pull contention with weak agreementxxPassed
released strong driver beside weak one11Passed
all released with keeper11Passed
single released driver with keeper11Passed
all released without keeperzzPassed
weak driver disagrees with keeper11Passed
weak unknown under strong driver00Passed
pull unknown under strong driver11Passed

SHA-256 / 11d65161a439fb144e29d24d4e3b05e3d2267d0bd545676d9e259f637309ef9d

Verification & scope

A deterministic bounded teaching model of one simulator rule set; the contract is stipulated and is not a claim of conformance to any HDL standard or commercial simulator. This reproducer isolates one failure mechanism. Results cover the supplied fixtures. Variants within a family share a test contract and should remain grouped when constructing evaluation splits. Related mechanisms with a shared evaluation_group must also remain together; these controlled models are not independent production incidents.

Observations recorded using Python 3.12.14 at 2026-09-29T14:51:13.497011+00:00.

Case digest / 6479c3c49a14639f419e0487b1c95ca4d35f0de088fc1741fb545b5566de9125