FA-74896 / CRDT convergence / Open access
LWW register with Lamport stamps: equal clocks keep whatever each replica holds · case 01
Two concurrent writes with the same clock leave replicas permanently disagreeing.
ROOT CAUSE
Adoption compares only the clock component, so equal clocks are never resolved by writer identity.
VERIFIED REPAIR
Compare the full (clock, writer) pair lexicographically.
Unsuccessful approach: Adopting on equal clocks makes every replica take the other's value, which swaps rather than converges.
Case contract
Each replica holds a register [value, clock, writer] and a Lamport clock, all starting at [None, 0, ""] and 0. ["set", r, v] increments r's clock and stamps v with (clock, r). ["send", s, d] delivers s's register to d: d's clock becomes max(own, incoming clock) and d adopts the incoming register when (clock, writer) is lexicographically larger. Return values and clocks per replica.
Why this case matters
Last-writer-wins registers need total, replica-independent stamp ordering to converge.
1 / The failure
Exit 1"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json
N = 1
observations = []
def solve(events, replicas):
clock = {r: 0 for r in replicas}
reg = {r: [None, 0, ''] for r in replicas}
for ev in events:
if ev[0] == 'set':
r = ev[1]
clock[r] += 1
reg[r] = [ev[2], clock[r], r]
else:
s, d = ev[1], ev[2]
inc = reg[s]
clock[d] = max(clock[d], inc[1])
if inc[1] > reg[d][1]:
reg[d] = list(inc)
return {'values': [reg[r][0] for r in replicas], 'clocks': [clock[r] for r in replicas]}
def check(label, actual, expected):
observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
cases = {
1: [('later local write after receive wins', [[['set', 'a', 'a1'], ['set', 'a', 'a2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['b1', 'b1', None], 'clocks': [3, 3, 0]}), ('equal stamps break toward larger replica id', [[['set', 'a', 'x1'], ['set', 'b', 'y'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['y', 'y', None], 'clocks': [1, 1, 0]}), ('equal stamps other direction', [[['set', 'c', 'p'], ['set', 'a', 'q1'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['p', None, 'p'], 'clocks': [1, 0, 1]}), ('older state is ignored', [[['set', 'a', 'old'], ['set', 'a', 's0'], ['send', 'a', 'c'], ['set', 'b', 'bb'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['s0', 's0', 's0'], 'clocks': [2, 2, 2]}), ('ring gossip converges', [[['set', 'a', 'A'], ['set', 'b', 'B'], ['set', 'c', 'C'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['C', 'C', 'C'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]}), ('empty send', [[['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, None, None], 'clocks': [0, 0, 0]}), ('receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock', [[['set', 'b', 'b0'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['set', 'b', 'b2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'last'], ['send', 'b', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, 'last', 'last'], 'clocks': [0, 4, 4]}), ('adopted value keeps its writer identity', [[['set', 'z', 'zv'], ['send', 'z', 'a'], ['set', 'm', 'mv1'], ['send', 'm', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'z']], ['m', 'z', 'a']], {'values': ['mv1', 'zv', 'zv'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]})],
2: [('later local write after receive wins', [[['set', 'a', 'a1'], ['set', 'a', 'a2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['b1', 'b1', None], 'clocks': [3, 3, 0]}), ('equal stamps break toward larger replica id', [[['set', 'a', 'x2'], ['set', 'b', 'y'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['y', 'y', None], 'clocks': [1, 1, 0]}), ('equal stamps other direction', [[['set', 'c', 'p'], ['set', 'a', 'q2'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['p', None, 'p'], 'clocks': [1, 0, 1]}), ('older state is ignored', [[['set', 'a', 'old'], ['set', 'a', 's0'], ['set', 'a', 's1'], ['send', 'a', 'c'], ['set', 'b', 'bb'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['s1', 's1', 's1'], 'clocks': [3, 3, 3]}), ('ring gossip converges', [[['set', 'a', 'A'], ['set', 'b', 'B'], ['set', 'c', 'C'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['C', 'C', 'C'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]}), ('empty send', [[['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, None, None], 'clocks': [0, 0, 0]}), ('receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock', [[['set', 'b', 'b0'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['set', 'b', 'b2'], ['set', 'b', 'b3'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'last'], ['send', 'b', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, 'last', 'last'], 'clocks': [0, 5, 5]}), ('adopted value keeps its writer identity', [[['set', 'z', 'zv'], ['send', 'z', 'a'], ['set', 'm', 'mv2'], ['send', 'm', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'z']], ['m', 'z', 'a']], {'values': ['mv2', 'zv', 'zv'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]})],
3: [('later local write after receive wins', [[['set', 'a', 'a1'], ['set', 'a', 'a2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['b1', 'b1', None], 'clocks': [3, 3, 0]}), ('equal stamps break toward larger replica id', [[['set', 'a', 'x3'], ['set', 'b', 'y'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['y', 'y', None], 'clocks': [1, 1, 0]}), ('equal stamps other direction', [[['set', 'c', 'p'], ['set', 'a', 'q3'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['p', None, 'p'], 'clocks': [1, 0, 1]}), ('older state is ignored', [[['set', 'a', 'old'], ['set', 'a', 's0'], ['set', 'a', 's1'], ['set', 'a', 's2'], ['send', 'a', 'c'], ['set', 'b', 'bb'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['s2', 's2', 's2'], 'clocks': [4, 4, 4]}), ('ring gossip converges', [[['set', 'a', 'A'], ['set', 'b', 'B'], ['set', 'c', 'C'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['C', 'C', 'C'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]}), ('empty send', [[['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, None, None], 'clocks': [0, 0, 0]}), ('receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock', [[['set', 'b', 'b0'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['set', 'b', 'b2'], ['set', 'b', 'b3'], ['set', 'b', 'b4'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'last'], ['send', 'b', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, 'last', 'last'], 'clocks': [0, 6, 6]}), ('adopted value keeps its writer identity', [[['set', 'z', 'zv'], ['send', 'z', 'a'], ['set', 'm', 'mv3'], ['send', 'm', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'z']], ['m', 'z', 'a']], {'values': ['mv3', 'zv', 'zv'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]})],
4: [('later local write after receive wins', [[['set', 'a', 'a1'], ['set', 'a', 'a2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['b1', 'b1', None], 'clocks': [3, 3, 0]}), ('equal stamps break toward larger replica id', [[['set', 'a', 'x4'], ['set', 'b', 'y'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['y', 'y', None], 'clocks': [1, 1, 0]}), ('equal stamps other direction', [[['set', 'c', 'p'], ['set', 'a', 'q4'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['p', None, 'p'], 'clocks': [1, 0, 1]}), ('older state is ignored', [[['set', 'a', 'old'], ['set', 'a', 's0'], ['set', 'a', 's1'], ['set', 'a', 's2'], ['set', 'a', 's3'], ['send', 'a', 'c'], ['set', 'b', 'bb'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['s3', 's3', 's3'], 'clocks': [5, 5, 5]}), ('ring gossip converges', [[['set', 'a', 'A'], ['set', 'b', 'B'], ['set', 'c', 'C'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['C', 'C', 'C'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]}), ('empty send', [[['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, None, None], 'clocks': [0, 0, 0]}), ('receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock', [[['set', 'b', 'b0'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['set', 'b', 'b2'], ['set', 'b', 'b3'], ['set', 'b', 'b4'], ['set', 'b', 'b5'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'last'], ['send', 'b', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, 'last', 'last'], 'clocks': [0, 7, 7]}), ('adopted value keeps its writer identity', [[['set', 'z', 'zv'], ['send', 'z', 'a'], ['set', 'm', 'mv4'], ['send', 'm', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'z']], ['m', 'z', 'a']], {'values': ['mv4', 'zv', 'zv'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]})],
5: [('later local write after receive wins', [[['set', 'a', 'a1'], ['set', 'a', 'a2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['b1', 'b1', None], 'clocks': [3, 3, 0]}), ('equal stamps break toward larger replica id', [[['set', 'a', 'x5'], ['set', 'b', 'y'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['y', 'y', None], 'clocks': [1, 1, 0]}), ('equal stamps other direction', [[['set', 'c', 'p'], ['set', 'a', 'q5'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['p', None, 'p'], 'clocks': [1, 0, 1]}), ('older state is ignored', [[['set', 'a', 'old'], ['set', 'a', 's0'], ['set', 'a', 's1'], ['set', 'a', 's2'], ['set', 'a', 's3'], ['set', 'a', 's4'], ['send', 'a', 'c'], ['set', 'b', 'bb'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['s4', 's4', 's4'], 'clocks': [6, 6, 6]}), ('ring gossip converges', [[['set', 'a', 'A'], ['set', 'b', 'B'], ['set', 'c', 'C'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['C', 'C', 'C'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]}), ('empty send', [[['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, None, None], 'clocks': [0, 0, 0]}), ('receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock', [[['set', 'b', 'b0'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['set', 'b', 'b2'], ['set', 'b', 'b3'], ['set', 'b', 'b4'], ['set', 'b', 'b5'], ['set', 'b', 'b6'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'last'], ['send', 'b', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, 'last', 'last'], 'clocks': [0, 8, 8]}), ('adopted value keeps its writer identity', [[['set', 'z', 'zv'], ['send', 'z', 'a'], ['set', 'm', 'mv5'], ['send', 'm', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'z']], ['m', 'z', 'a']], {'values': ['mv5', 'zv', 'zv'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]})],
}[N]
for label, args, expected in cases:
check(label, solve(*args), expected)
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)
| Boundary fixture | Actual | Expected | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| later local write after receive wins | {'clocks': [3, 3, 0], 'values': ['b1', 'b1', None]} | {'clocks': [3, 3, 0], 'values': ['b1', 'b1', None]} | Passed |
| equal stamps break toward larger replica id | {'clocks': [1, 1, 0], 'values': ['x1', 'y', None]} | {'clocks': [1, 1, 0], 'values': ['y', 'y', None]} | Failed |
| equal stamps other direction | {'clocks': [1, 0, 1], 'values': ['q1', None, 'p']} | {'clocks': [1, 0, 1], 'values': ['p', None, 'p']} | Failed |
| older state is ignored | {'clocks': [2, 2, 2], 'values': ['s0', 's0', 's0']} | {'clocks': [2, 2, 2], 'values': ['s0', 's0', 's0']} | Passed |
| ring gossip converges | {'clocks': [1, 1, 1], 'values': ['A', 'B', 'C']} | {'clocks': [1, 1, 1], 'values': ['C', 'C', 'C']} | Failed |
| empty send | {'clocks': [0, 0, 0], 'values': [None, None, None]} | {'clocks': [0, 0, 0], 'values': [None, None, None]} | Passed |
| receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock | {'clocks': [0, 4, 4], 'values': [None, 'last', 'last']} | {'clocks': [0, 4, 4], 'values': [None, 'last', 'last']} | Passed |
| adopted value keeps its writer identity | {'clocks': [1, 1, 1], 'values': ['mv1', 'zv', 'zv']} | {'clocks': [1, 1, 1], 'values': ['mv1', 'zv', 'zv']} | Passed |
SHA-256 / e569320768dfb8f2636eaa8ab6a40ddea893d893993d35e71df002e909b499e5
2 / The unsuccessful fix
Exit 1"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json
N = 1
observations = []
def solve(events, replicas):
clock = {r: 0 for r in replicas}
reg = {r: [None, 0, ''] for r in replicas}
for ev in events:
if ev[0] == 'set':
r = ev[1]
clock[r] += 1
reg[r] = [ev[2], clock[r], r]
else:
s, d = ev[1], ev[2]
inc = reg[s]
clock[d] = max(clock[d], inc[1])
if inc[1] >= reg[d][1]:
reg[d] = list(inc)
return {'values': [reg[r][0] for r in replicas], 'clocks': [clock[r] for r in replicas]}
def check(label, actual, expected):
observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
cases = {
1: [('later local write after receive wins', [[['set', 'a', 'a1'], ['set', 'a', 'a2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['b1', 'b1', None], 'clocks': [3, 3, 0]}), ('equal stamps break toward larger replica id', [[['set', 'a', 'x1'], ['set', 'b', 'y'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['y', 'y', None], 'clocks': [1, 1, 0]}), ('equal stamps other direction', [[['set', 'c', 'p'], ['set', 'a', 'q1'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['p', None, 'p'], 'clocks': [1, 0, 1]}), ('older state is ignored', [[['set', 'a', 'old'], ['set', 'a', 's0'], ['send', 'a', 'c'], ['set', 'b', 'bb'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['s0', 's0', 's0'], 'clocks': [2, 2, 2]}), ('ring gossip converges', [[['set', 'a', 'A'], ['set', 'b', 'B'], ['set', 'c', 'C'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['C', 'C', 'C'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]}), ('empty send', [[['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, None, None], 'clocks': [0, 0, 0]}), ('receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock', [[['set', 'b', 'b0'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['set', 'b', 'b2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'last'], ['send', 'b', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, 'last', 'last'], 'clocks': [0, 4, 4]}), ('adopted value keeps its writer identity', [[['set', 'z', 'zv'], ['send', 'z', 'a'], ['set', 'm', 'mv1'], ['send', 'm', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'z']], ['m', 'z', 'a']], {'values': ['mv1', 'zv', 'zv'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]})],
2: [('later local write after receive wins', [[['set', 'a', 'a1'], ['set', 'a', 'a2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['b1', 'b1', None], 'clocks': [3, 3, 0]}), ('equal stamps break toward larger replica id', [[['set', 'a', 'x2'], ['set', 'b', 'y'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['y', 'y', None], 'clocks': [1, 1, 0]}), ('equal stamps other direction', [[['set', 'c', 'p'], ['set', 'a', 'q2'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['p', None, 'p'], 'clocks': [1, 0, 1]}), ('older state is ignored', [[['set', 'a', 'old'], ['set', 'a', 's0'], ['set', 'a', 's1'], ['send', 'a', 'c'], ['set', 'b', 'bb'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['s1', 's1', 's1'], 'clocks': [3, 3, 3]}), ('ring gossip converges', [[['set', 'a', 'A'], ['set', 'b', 'B'], ['set', 'c', 'C'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['C', 'C', 'C'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]}), ('empty send', [[['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, None, None], 'clocks': [0, 0, 0]}), ('receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock', [[['set', 'b', 'b0'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['set', 'b', 'b2'], ['set', 'b', 'b3'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'last'], ['send', 'b', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, 'last', 'last'], 'clocks': [0, 5, 5]}), ('adopted value keeps its writer identity', [[['set', 'z', 'zv'], ['send', 'z', 'a'], ['set', 'm', 'mv2'], ['send', 'm', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'z']], ['m', 'z', 'a']], {'values': ['mv2', 'zv', 'zv'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]})],
3: [('later local write after receive wins', [[['set', 'a', 'a1'], ['set', 'a', 'a2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['b1', 'b1', None], 'clocks': [3, 3, 0]}), ('equal stamps break toward larger replica id', [[['set', 'a', 'x3'], ['set', 'b', 'y'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['y', 'y', None], 'clocks': [1, 1, 0]}), ('equal stamps other direction', [[['set', 'c', 'p'], ['set', 'a', 'q3'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['p', None, 'p'], 'clocks': [1, 0, 1]}), ('older state is ignored', [[['set', 'a', 'old'], ['set', 'a', 's0'], ['set', 'a', 's1'], ['set', 'a', 's2'], ['send', 'a', 'c'], ['set', 'b', 'bb'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['s2', 's2', 's2'], 'clocks': [4, 4, 4]}), ('ring gossip converges', [[['set', 'a', 'A'], ['set', 'b', 'B'], ['set', 'c', 'C'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['C', 'C', 'C'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]}), ('empty send', [[['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, None, None], 'clocks': [0, 0, 0]}), ('receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock', [[['set', 'b', 'b0'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['set', 'b', 'b2'], ['set', 'b', 'b3'], ['set', 'b', 'b4'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'last'], ['send', 'b', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, 'last', 'last'], 'clocks': [0, 6, 6]}), ('adopted value keeps its writer identity', [[['set', 'z', 'zv'], ['send', 'z', 'a'], ['set', 'm', 'mv3'], ['send', 'm', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'z']], ['m', 'z', 'a']], {'values': ['mv3', 'zv', 'zv'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]})],
4: [('later local write after receive wins', [[['set', 'a', 'a1'], ['set', 'a', 'a2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['b1', 'b1', None], 'clocks': [3, 3, 0]}), ('equal stamps break toward larger replica id', [[['set', 'a', 'x4'], ['set', 'b', 'y'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['y', 'y', None], 'clocks': [1, 1, 0]}), ('equal stamps other direction', [[['set', 'c', 'p'], ['set', 'a', 'q4'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['p', None, 'p'], 'clocks': [1, 0, 1]}), ('older state is ignored', [[['set', 'a', 'old'], ['set', 'a', 's0'], ['set', 'a', 's1'], ['set', 'a', 's2'], ['set', 'a', 's3'], ['send', 'a', 'c'], ['set', 'b', 'bb'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['s3', 's3', 's3'], 'clocks': [5, 5, 5]}), ('ring gossip converges', [[['set', 'a', 'A'], ['set', 'b', 'B'], ['set', 'c', 'C'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['C', 'C', 'C'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]}), ('empty send', [[['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, None, None], 'clocks': [0, 0, 0]}), ('receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock', [[['set', 'b', 'b0'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['set', 'b', 'b2'], ['set', 'b', 'b3'], ['set', 'b', 'b4'], ['set', 'b', 'b5'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'last'], ['send', 'b', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, 'last', 'last'], 'clocks': [0, 7, 7]}), ('adopted value keeps its writer identity', [[['set', 'z', 'zv'], ['send', 'z', 'a'], ['set', 'm', 'mv4'], ['send', 'm', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'z']], ['m', 'z', 'a']], {'values': ['mv4', 'zv', 'zv'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]})],
5: [('later local write after receive wins', [[['set', 'a', 'a1'], ['set', 'a', 'a2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['b1', 'b1', None], 'clocks': [3, 3, 0]}), ('equal stamps break toward larger replica id', [[['set', 'a', 'x5'], ['set', 'b', 'y'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['y', 'y', None], 'clocks': [1, 1, 0]}), ('equal stamps other direction', [[['set', 'c', 'p'], ['set', 'a', 'q5'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['p', None, 'p'], 'clocks': [1, 0, 1]}), ('older state is ignored', [[['set', 'a', 'old'], ['set', 'a', 's0'], ['set', 'a', 's1'], ['set', 'a', 's2'], ['set', 'a', 's3'], ['set', 'a', 's4'], ['send', 'a', 'c'], ['set', 'b', 'bb'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['s4', 's4', 's4'], 'clocks': [6, 6, 6]}), ('ring gossip converges', [[['set', 'a', 'A'], ['set', 'b', 'B'], ['set', 'c', 'C'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['C', 'C', 'C'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]}), ('empty send', [[['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, None, None], 'clocks': [0, 0, 0]}), ('receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock', [[['set', 'b', 'b0'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['set', 'b', 'b2'], ['set', 'b', 'b3'], ['set', 'b', 'b4'], ['set', 'b', 'b5'], ['set', 'b', 'b6'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'last'], ['send', 'b', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, 'last', 'last'], 'clocks': [0, 8, 8]}), ('adopted value keeps its writer identity', [[['set', 'z', 'zv'], ['send', 'z', 'a'], ['set', 'm', 'mv5'], ['send', 'm', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'z']], ['m', 'z', 'a']], {'values': ['mv5', 'zv', 'zv'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]})],
}[N]
for label, args, expected in cases:
check(label, solve(*args), expected)
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)
| Boundary fixture | Actual | Expected | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| later local write after receive wins | {'clocks': [3, 3, 0], 'values': ['b1', 'b1', None]} | {'clocks': [3, 3, 0], 'values': ['b1', 'b1', None]} | Passed |
| equal stamps break toward larger replica id | {'clocks': [1, 1, 0], 'values': ['x1', 'x1', None]} | {'clocks': [1, 1, 0], 'values': ['y', 'y', None]} | Failed |
| equal stamps other direction | {'clocks': [1, 0, 1], 'values': ['p', None, 'p']} | {'clocks': [1, 0, 1], 'values': ['p', None, 'p']} | Passed |
| older state is ignored | {'clocks': [2, 2, 2], 'values': ['s0', 's0', 's0']} | {'clocks': [2, 2, 2], 'values': ['s0', 's0', 's0']} | Passed |
| ring gossip converges | {'clocks': [1, 1, 1], 'values': ['A', 'A', 'A']} | {'clocks': [1, 1, 1], 'values': ['C', 'C', 'C']} | Failed |
| empty send | {'clocks': [0, 0, 0], 'values': [None, None, None]} | {'clocks': [0, 0, 0], 'values': [None, None, None]} | Passed |
| receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock | {'clocks': [0, 4, 4], 'values': [None, 'last', 'last']} | {'clocks': [0, 4, 4], 'values': [None, 'last', 'last']} | Passed |
| adopted value keeps its writer identity | {'clocks': [1, 1, 1], 'values': ['mv1', 'mv1', 'mv1']} | {'clocks': [1, 1, 1], 'values': ['mv1', 'zv', 'zv']} | Failed |
SHA-256 / dff2f3892682dd0d4152de1c6e669e2530ab78c5e9b395234e281c2e4d4796ee
3 / The verified repair
Exit 0"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json
N = 1
observations = []
def solve(events, replicas):
clock = {r: 0 for r in replicas}
reg = {r: [None, 0, ''] for r in replicas}
for ev in events:
if ev[0] == 'set':
r = ev[1]
clock[r] += 1
reg[r] = [ev[2], clock[r], r]
else:
s, d = ev[1], ev[2]
inc = reg[s]
clock[d] = max(clock[d], inc[1])
if (inc[1], inc[2]) > (reg[d][1], reg[d][2]):
reg[d] = list(inc)
return {'values': [reg[r][0] for r in replicas], 'clocks': [clock[r] for r in replicas]}
def check(label, actual, expected):
observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
cases = {
1: [('later local write after receive wins', [[['set', 'a', 'a1'], ['set', 'a', 'a2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['b1', 'b1', None], 'clocks': [3, 3, 0]}), ('equal stamps break toward larger replica id', [[['set', 'a', 'x1'], ['set', 'b', 'y'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['y', 'y', None], 'clocks': [1, 1, 0]}), ('equal stamps other direction', [[['set', 'c', 'p'], ['set', 'a', 'q1'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['p', None, 'p'], 'clocks': [1, 0, 1]}), ('older state is ignored', [[['set', 'a', 'old'], ['set', 'a', 's0'], ['send', 'a', 'c'], ['set', 'b', 'bb'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['s0', 's0', 's0'], 'clocks': [2, 2, 2]}), ('ring gossip converges', [[['set', 'a', 'A'], ['set', 'b', 'B'], ['set', 'c', 'C'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['C', 'C', 'C'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]}), ('empty send', [[['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, None, None], 'clocks': [0, 0, 0]}), ('receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock', [[['set', 'b', 'b0'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['set', 'b', 'b2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'last'], ['send', 'b', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, 'last', 'last'], 'clocks': [0, 4, 4]}), ('adopted value keeps its writer identity', [[['set', 'z', 'zv'], ['send', 'z', 'a'], ['set', 'm', 'mv1'], ['send', 'm', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'z']], ['m', 'z', 'a']], {'values': ['mv1', 'zv', 'zv'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]})],
2: [('later local write after receive wins', [[['set', 'a', 'a1'], ['set', 'a', 'a2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['b1', 'b1', None], 'clocks': [3, 3, 0]}), ('equal stamps break toward larger replica id', [[['set', 'a', 'x2'], ['set', 'b', 'y'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['y', 'y', None], 'clocks': [1, 1, 0]}), ('equal stamps other direction', [[['set', 'c', 'p'], ['set', 'a', 'q2'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['p', None, 'p'], 'clocks': [1, 0, 1]}), ('older state is ignored', [[['set', 'a', 'old'], ['set', 'a', 's0'], ['set', 'a', 's1'], ['send', 'a', 'c'], ['set', 'b', 'bb'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['s1', 's1', 's1'], 'clocks': [3, 3, 3]}), ('ring gossip converges', [[['set', 'a', 'A'], ['set', 'b', 'B'], ['set', 'c', 'C'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['C', 'C', 'C'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]}), ('empty send', [[['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, None, None], 'clocks': [0, 0, 0]}), ('receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock', [[['set', 'b', 'b0'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['set', 'b', 'b2'], ['set', 'b', 'b3'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'last'], ['send', 'b', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, 'last', 'last'], 'clocks': [0, 5, 5]}), ('adopted value keeps its writer identity', [[['set', 'z', 'zv'], ['send', 'z', 'a'], ['set', 'm', 'mv2'], ['send', 'm', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'z']], ['m', 'z', 'a']], {'values': ['mv2', 'zv', 'zv'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]})],
3: [('later local write after receive wins', [[['set', 'a', 'a1'], ['set', 'a', 'a2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['b1', 'b1', None], 'clocks': [3, 3, 0]}), ('equal stamps break toward larger replica id', [[['set', 'a', 'x3'], ['set', 'b', 'y'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['y', 'y', None], 'clocks': [1, 1, 0]}), ('equal stamps other direction', [[['set', 'c', 'p'], ['set', 'a', 'q3'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['p', None, 'p'], 'clocks': [1, 0, 1]}), ('older state is ignored', [[['set', 'a', 'old'], ['set', 'a', 's0'], ['set', 'a', 's1'], ['set', 'a', 's2'], ['send', 'a', 'c'], ['set', 'b', 'bb'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['s2', 's2', 's2'], 'clocks': [4, 4, 4]}), ('ring gossip converges', [[['set', 'a', 'A'], ['set', 'b', 'B'], ['set', 'c', 'C'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['C', 'C', 'C'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]}), ('empty send', [[['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, None, None], 'clocks': [0, 0, 0]}), ('receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock', [[['set', 'b', 'b0'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['set', 'b', 'b2'], ['set', 'b', 'b3'], ['set', 'b', 'b4'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'last'], ['send', 'b', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, 'last', 'last'], 'clocks': [0, 6, 6]}), ('adopted value keeps its writer identity', [[['set', 'z', 'zv'], ['send', 'z', 'a'], ['set', 'm', 'mv3'], ['send', 'm', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'z']], ['m', 'z', 'a']], {'values': ['mv3', 'zv', 'zv'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]})],
4: [('later local write after receive wins', [[['set', 'a', 'a1'], ['set', 'a', 'a2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['b1', 'b1', None], 'clocks': [3, 3, 0]}), ('equal stamps break toward larger replica id', [[['set', 'a', 'x4'], ['set', 'b', 'y'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['y', 'y', None], 'clocks': [1, 1, 0]}), ('equal stamps other direction', [[['set', 'c', 'p'], ['set', 'a', 'q4'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['p', None, 'p'], 'clocks': [1, 0, 1]}), ('older state is ignored', [[['set', 'a', 'old'], ['set', 'a', 's0'], ['set', 'a', 's1'], ['set', 'a', 's2'], ['set', 'a', 's3'], ['send', 'a', 'c'], ['set', 'b', 'bb'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['s3', 's3', 's3'], 'clocks': [5, 5, 5]}), ('ring gossip converges', [[['set', 'a', 'A'], ['set', 'b', 'B'], ['set', 'c', 'C'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['C', 'C', 'C'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]}), ('empty send', [[['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, None, None], 'clocks': [0, 0, 0]}), ('receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock', [[['set', 'b', 'b0'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['set', 'b', 'b2'], ['set', 'b', 'b3'], ['set', 'b', 'b4'], ['set', 'b', 'b5'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'last'], ['send', 'b', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, 'last', 'last'], 'clocks': [0, 7, 7]}), ('adopted value keeps its writer identity', [[['set', 'z', 'zv'], ['send', 'z', 'a'], ['set', 'm', 'mv4'], ['send', 'm', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'z']], ['m', 'z', 'a']], {'values': ['mv4', 'zv', 'zv'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]})],
5: [('later local write after receive wins', [[['set', 'a', 'a1'], ['set', 'a', 'a2'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['b1', 'b1', None], 'clocks': [3, 3, 0]}), ('equal stamps break toward larger replica id', [[['set', 'a', 'x5'], ['set', 'b', 'y'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'a']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['y', 'y', None], 'clocks': [1, 1, 0]}), ('equal stamps other direction', [[['set', 'c', 'p'], ['set', 'a', 'q5'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['p', None, 'p'], 'clocks': [1, 0, 1]}), ('older state is ignored', [[['set', 'a', 'old'], ['set', 'a', 's0'], ['set', 'a', 's1'], ['set', 'a', 's2'], ['set', 'a', 's3'], ['set', 'a', 's4'], ['send', 'a', 'c'], ['set', 'b', 'bb'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['s4', 's4', 's4'], 'clocks': [6, 6, 6]}), ('ring gossip converges', [[['set', 'a', 'A'], ['set', 'b', 'B'], ['set', 'c', 'C'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['send', 'b', 'c'], ['send', 'c', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': ['C', 'C', 'C'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]}), ('empty send', [[['send', 'a', 'b']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, None, None], 'clocks': [0, 0, 0]}), ('receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock', [[['set', 'b', 'b0'], ['set', 'b', 'b1'], ['set', 'b', 'b2'], ['set', 'b', 'b3'], ['set', 'b', 'b4'], ['set', 'b', 'b5'], ['set', 'b', 'b6'], ['send', 'a', 'b'], ['set', 'b', 'last'], ['send', 'b', 'c']], ['a', 'b', 'c']], {'values': [None, 'last', 'last'], 'clocks': [0, 8, 8]}), ('adopted value keeps its writer identity', [[['set', 'z', 'zv'], ['send', 'z', 'a'], ['set', 'm', 'mv5'], ['send', 'm', 'a'], ['send', 'a', 'z']], ['m', 'z', 'a']], {'values': ['mv5', 'zv', 'zv'], 'clocks': [1, 1, 1]})],
}[N]
for label, args, expected in cases:
check(label, solve(*args), expected)
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)
| Boundary fixture | Actual | Expected | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| later local write after receive wins | {'clocks': [3, 3, 0], 'values': ['b1', 'b1', None]} | {'clocks': [3, 3, 0], 'values': ['b1', 'b1', None]} | Passed |
| equal stamps break toward larger replica id | {'clocks': [1, 1, 0], 'values': ['y', 'y', None]} | {'clocks': [1, 1, 0], 'values': ['y', 'y', None]} | Passed |
| equal stamps other direction | {'clocks': [1, 0, 1], 'values': ['p', None, 'p']} | {'clocks': [1, 0, 1], 'values': ['p', None, 'p']} | Passed |
| older state is ignored | {'clocks': [2, 2, 2], 'values': ['s0', 's0', 's0']} | {'clocks': [2, 2, 2], 'values': ['s0', 's0', 's0']} | Passed |
| ring gossip converges | {'clocks': [1, 1, 1], 'values': ['C', 'C', 'C']} | {'clocks': [1, 1, 1], 'values': ['C', 'C', 'C']} | Passed |
| empty send | {'clocks': [0, 0, 0], 'values': [None, None, None]} | {'clocks': [0, 0, 0], 'values': [None, None, None]} | Passed |
| receiving from an empty replica keeps the clock | {'clocks': [0, 4, 4], 'values': [None, 'last', 'last']} | {'clocks': [0, 4, 4], 'values': [None, 'last', 'last']} | Passed |
| adopted value keeps its writer identity | {'clocks': [1, 1, 1], 'values': ['mv1', 'zv', 'zv']} | {'clocks': [1, 1, 1], 'values': ['mv1', 'zv', 'zv']} | Passed |
SHA-256 / bf405250f968c1bcc4c251b7e2636839565da6d46cdd77d65e43d7d06d7017ed
Verification & scope
A deterministic, bounded teaching model of one replicated data type with stipulated operation and merge rules; it is not a production CRDT library and makes no claim of conformance to any specific published design. This reproducer isolates one failure mechanism. Results cover the supplied fixtures. Variants within a family share a test contract and should remain grouped when constructing evaluation splits. Related mechanisms with a shared evaluation_group must also remain together; these controlled models are not independent production incidents.
Observations recorded using Python 3.12.14 at 2026-09-29T14:49:00.949245+00:00.
Case digest / 636803dcb5994008925075af817883f056e506ba9c19316ae074ede2d77cfe58