FA-71376 / Seismic magnitude estimation / Open access

Network magnitude from station magnitudes: rejection anchor · case 01

A single wild station drags the rejection window and good stations are dropped.

Verified by executionVariant 1 · 8 checks per implementationDownload source bundle ↓JSON ↗

ROOT CAUSE

Outlier rejection is centred on the mean, which the outlier itself shifts.

VERIFIED REPAIR

Centre the rejection window on the median.

Unsuccessful approach: The midrange is even more sensitive to the outlier.

Case contract

Station magnitudes are integers in hundredths (None = no reading; 0 and negatives are valid). Require min_stations readings; take the median (mean of the middle pair for even counts), keep stations within 50 hundredths of it inclusive, require min_stations again, take the median of the kept set and round half up to 0.1 magnitude. Return [magnitude, kept count] or None.

Why this case matters

The published event magnitude is a robust network average of station magnitudes.

1 / The failure

Exit 1

"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json
import math
N = 1
observations = []
def solve(station_mags, min_stations):
    vals = sorted(m for m in station_mags if m is not None)
    if len(vals) < min_stations:
        return None
    def med(xs):
        n = len(xs)
        mid = n // 2
        return xs[mid] if n % 2 else (xs[mid - 1] + xs[mid]) / 2
    m0 = sum(vals) / len(vals)
    kept = [v for v in vals if abs(v - m0) <= 50]
    if len(kept) < min_stations:
        return None
    m1 = med(kept)
    tenths = int(math.floor((m1 + 5) / 10))
    return [tenths / 10, len(kept)]
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
fixtures = [[['event 0', [[274, 336, 318, 341, 328, None], 4], [3.3, 4]], ['event 1', [[381, 387, 376, 348, 397, 350, 333, 349, None], 3], [3.6, 8]], ['event 2', [[550, 532, 540, 504, 484, 528, 530, 570], 3], [5.3, 8]], ['event 3', [[-34, -47, 14, 21, -68], 3], [-0.4, 4]], ['event 4', [[101, 111, 104, 54, 138, None], 3], [1.0, 5]], ['event 5', [[168, 146, 176, 132, 162, 118, 174, 186], 4], [1.7, 8]], ['event 6', [[374, 385, 429, 376, 402, 398, 421, 340, None], 3], [4.0, 7]], ['event 7', [[469, 498, 493, 486, 467, 522], 4], [4.9, 6]]], [['event 7', [[469, 498, 493, 486, 467, 522], 4], [4.9, 6]], ['event 8', [[152, 146, 148, 165, 191], 3], [1.5, 5]], ['event 9', [[-26, -9, -1, 4, 0, 64, None], 4], [0.0, 5]], ['event 10', [[498, 507, 494, 464], 3], [5.0, 4]], ['event 11', [[189, 235, 240, 199, 215], 4], [2.2, 5]], ['event 12', [[106, 62, 76, 99, 87, 82, 116, 114, 149], 4], [1.0, 9]], ['event 14', [[125, 133, 111, 191, 191, 148, 241], 3], [1.4, 6]], ['event 19', [[160, 170, 168, 12, None], 3], [1.7, 3]]], [['event 14', [[125, 133, 111, 191, 191, 148, 241], 3], [1.4, 6]], ['event 15', [[381, 371, 330, 376, 403, 335, 339, 348, None], 3], [3.6, 8]], ['event 16', [[-23, -62, -35, -143], 4], None], ['event 17', [[432, 385, 408, 473], 4], None], ['event 18', [[9, 11, -21, 37, -4, 11], 3], [0.1, 6]], ['event 19', [[160, 170, 168, 12, None], 3], [1.7, 3]], ['event 25', [[545, 488, 482, 494, 603, None], 4], None], ['event 32', [[231, 238, 217, 239, 214, 186, 164, 154, None], 3], [2.2, 6]]], [['event 3', [[-34, -47, 14, 21, -68], 3], [-0.4, 4]], ['event 14', [[125, 133, 111, 191, 191, 148, 241], 3], [1.4, 6]], ['event 21', [[208, 239, 263, 248, 235, 223], 3], [2.4, 6]], ['event 22', [[347, 369, 375, 379, None], 3], [3.7, 4]], ['event 23', [[103, 63, 30, 93], 4], [0.8, 4]], ['event 24', [[142, 93, 150, 136, 125, 91, 82, 115, None], 4], [1.2, 8]], ['event 25', [[545, 488, 482, 494, 603, None], 4], None], ['event 26', [[55, 21, 75, 67, 25, 28], 3], [0.4, 6]]], [['event 17', [[432, 385, 408, 473], 4], None], ['event 28', [[483, 485, 434, 486, 504, 514, None], 3], [4.9, 5]], ['event 29', [[462, 439, 425, 447, 432, 317], 3], [4.4, 5]], ['event 30', [[34, 54, -15, -27], 4], [0.1, 4]], ['event 31', [[269, 318, 251, 298, 329], 3], [3.0, 5]], ['event 32', [[231, 238, 217, 239, 214, 186, 164, 154, None], 3], [2.2, 6]], ['event 33', [[523, 505, 529, 488, 514], 3], [5.1, 5]], ['even station count', [[310, 320, 330, 350], 3], [3.3, 4]]]]
for label, args, expected in fixtures[N - 1]:
    check(label, solve(*args), expected)
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)

Boundary fixture	Actual	Expected	Outcome
event 0	`[3.3, 5]`	`[3.3, 4]`	Failed
event 1	`[3.6, 8]`	`[3.6, 8]`	Passed
event 2	`[5.3, 8]`	`[5.3, 8]`	Passed
event 3	`[-0.3, 5]`	`[-0.4, 4]`	Failed
event 4	`[1.0, 5]`	`[1.0, 5]`	Passed
event 5	`[1.7, 8]`	`[1.7, 8]`	Passed
event 6	`[4.0, 7]`	`[4.0, 7]`	Passed
event 7	`[4.9, 6]`	`[4.9, 6]`	Passed

SHA-256 / 5e66ef2201787a9aa9a9b434cc927d8b880ba36774dca2ba7fa502eacfd64aa4

2 / The unsuccessful fix

Exit 1

"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json
import math
N = 1
observations = []
def solve(station_mags, min_stations):
    vals = sorted(m for m in station_mags if m is not None)
    if len(vals) < min_stations:
        return None
    def med(xs):
        n = len(xs)
        mid = n // 2
        return xs[mid] if n % 2 else (xs[mid - 1] + xs[mid]) / 2
    m0 = (vals[0] + vals[-1]) / 2
    kept = [v for v in vals if abs(v - m0) <= 50]
    if len(kept) < min_stations:
        return None
    m1 = med(kept)
    tenths = int(math.floor((m1 + 5) / 10))
    return [tenths / 10, len(kept)]
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
fixtures = [[['event 0', [[274, 336, 318, 341, 328, None], 4], [3.3, 4]], ['event 1', [[381, 387, 376, 348, 397, 350, 333, 349, None], 3], [3.6, 8]], ['event 2', [[550, 532, 540, 504, 484, 528, 530, 570], 3], [5.3, 8]], ['event 3', [[-34, -47, 14, 21, -68], 3], [-0.4, 4]], ['event 4', [[101, 111, 104, 54, 138, None], 3], [1.0, 5]], ['event 5', [[168, 146, 176, 132, 162, 118, 174, 186], 4], [1.7, 8]], ['event 6', [[374, 385, 429, 376, 402, 398, 421, 340, None], 3], [4.0, 7]], ['event 7', [[469, 498, 493, 486, 467, 522], 4], [4.9, 6]]], [['event 7', [[469, 498, 493, 486, 467, 522], 4], [4.9, 6]], ['event 8', [[152, 146, 148, 165, 191], 3], [1.5, 5]], ['event 9', [[-26, -9, -1, 4, 0, 64, None], 4], [0.0, 5]], ['event 10', [[498, 507, 494, 464], 3], [5.0, 4]], ['event 11', [[189, 235, 240, 199, 215], 4], [2.2, 5]], ['event 12', [[106, 62, 76, 99, 87, 82, 116, 114, 149], 4], [1.0, 9]], ['event 14', [[125, 133, 111, 191, 191, 148, 241], 3], [1.4, 6]], ['event 19', [[160, 170, 168, 12, None], 3], [1.7, 3]]], [['event 14', [[125, 133, 111, 191, 191, 148, 241], 3], [1.4, 6]], ['event 15', [[381, 371, 330, 376, 403, 335, 339, 348, None], 3], [3.6, 8]], ['event 16', [[-23, -62, -35, -143], 4], None], ['event 17', [[432, 385, 408, 473], 4], None], ['event 18', [[9, 11, -21, 37, -4, 11], 3], [0.1, 6]], ['event 19', [[160, 170, 168, 12, None], 3], [1.7, 3]], ['event 25', [[545, 488, 482, 494, 603, None], 4], None], ['event 32', [[231, 238, 217, 239, 214, 186, 164, 154, None], 3], [2.2, 6]]], [['event 3', [[-34, -47, 14, 21, -68], 3], [-0.4, 4]], ['event 14', [[125, 133, 111, 191, 191, 148, 241], 3], [1.4, 6]], ['event 21', [[208, 239, 263, 248, 235, 223], 3], [2.4, 6]], ['event 22', [[347, 369, 375, 379, None], 3], [3.7, 4]], ['event 23', [[103, 63, 30, 93], 4], [0.8, 4]], ['event 24', [[142, 93, 150, 136, 125, 91, 82, 115, None], 4], [1.2, 8]], ['event 25', [[545, 488, 482, 494, 603, None], 4], None], ['event 26', [[55, 21, 75, 67, 25, 28], 3], [0.4, 6]]], [['event 17', [[432, 385, 408, 473], 4], None], ['event 28', [[483, 485, 434, 486, 504, 514, None], 3], [4.9, 5]], ['event 29', [[462, 439, 425, 447, 432, 317], 3], [4.4, 5]], ['event 30', [[34, 54, -15, -27], 4], [0.1, 4]], ['event 31', [[269, 318, 251, 298, 329], 3], [3.0, 5]], ['event 32', [[231, 238, 217, 239, 214, 186, 164, 154, None], 3], [2.2, 6]], ['event 33', [[523, 505, 529, 488, 514], 3], [5.1, 5]], ['even station count', [[310, 320, 330, 350], 3], [3.3, 4]]]]
for label, args, expected in fixtures[N - 1]:
    check(label, solve(*args), expected)
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)

Boundary fixture	Actual	Expected	Outcome
event 0	`[3.3, 5]`	`[3.3, 4]`	Failed
event 1	`[3.6, 8]`	`[3.6, 8]`	Passed
event 2	`[5.3, 8]`	`[5.3, 8]`	Passed
event 3	`[-0.3, 5]`	`[-0.4, 4]`	Failed
event 4	`[1.0, 5]`	`[1.0, 5]`	Passed
event 5	`[1.7, 8]`	`[1.7, 8]`	Passed
event 6	`[3.9, 8]`	`[4.0, 7]`	Failed
event 7	`[4.9, 6]`	`[4.9, 6]`	Passed

SHA-256 / 4b74e74eebce17e9054946e899df97c647f3b199110c74fff071b18568fbdbe8

3 / The verified repair

Exit 0

"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json
import math
N = 1
observations = []
def solve(station_mags, min_stations):
    vals = sorted(m for m in station_mags if m is not None)
    if len(vals) < min_stations:
        return None
    def med(xs):
        n = len(xs)
        mid = n // 2
        return xs[mid] if n % 2 else (xs[mid - 1] + xs[mid]) / 2
    m0 = med(vals)
    kept = [v for v in vals if abs(v - m0) <= 50]
    if len(kept) < min_stations:
        return None
    m1 = med(kept)
    tenths = int(math.floor((m1 + 5) / 10))
    return [tenths / 10, len(kept)]
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
fixtures = [[['event 0', [[274, 336, 318, 341, 328, None], 4], [3.3, 4]], ['event 1', [[381, 387, 376, 348, 397, 350, 333, 349, None], 3], [3.6, 8]], ['event 2', [[550, 532, 540, 504, 484, 528, 530, 570], 3], [5.3, 8]], ['event 3', [[-34, -47, 14, 21, -68], 3], [-0.4, 4]], ['event 4', [[101, 111, 104, 54, 138, None], 3], [1.0, 5]], ['event 5', [[168, 146, 176, 132, 162, 118, 174, 186], 4], [1.7, 8]], ['event 6', [[374, 385, 429, 376, 402, 398, 421, 340, None], 3], [4.0, 7]], ['event 7', [[469, 498, 493, 486, 467, 522], 4], [4.9, 6]]], [['event 7', [[469, 498, 493, 486, 467, 522], 4], [4.9, 6]], ['event 8', [[152, 146, 148, 165, 191], 3], [1.5, 5]], ['event 9', [[-26, -9, -1, 4, 0, 64, None], 4], [0.0, 5]], ['event 10', [[498, 507, 494, 464], 3], [5.0, 4]], ['event 11', [[189, 235, 240, 199, 215], 4], [2.2, 5]], ['event 12', [[106, 62, 76, 99, 87, 82, 116, 114, 149], 4], [1.0, 9]], ['event 14', [[125, 133, 111, 191, 191, 148, 241], 3], [1.4, 6]], ['event 19', [[160, 170, 168, 12, None], 3], [1.7, 3]]], [['event 14', [[125, 133, 111, 191, 191, 148, 241], 3], [1.4, 6]], ['event 15', [[381, 371, 330, 376, 403, 335, 339, 348, None], 3], [3.6, 8]], ['event 16', [[-23, -62, -35, -143], 4], None], ['event 17', [[432, 385, 408, 473], 4], None], ['event 18', [[9, 11, -21, 37, -4, 11], 3], [0.1, 6]], ['event 19', [[160, 170, 168, 12, None], 3], [1.7, 3]], ['event 25', [[545, 488, 482, 494, 603, None], 4], None], ['event 32', [[231, 238, 217, 239, 214, 186, 164, 154, None], 3], [2.2, 6]]], [['event 3', [[-34, -47, 14, 21, -68], 3], [-0.4, 4]], ['event 14', [[125, 133, 111, 191, 191, 148, 241], 3], [1.4, 6]], ['event 21', [[208, 239, 263, 248, 235, 223], 3], [2.4, 6]], ['event 22', [[347, 369, 375, 379, None], 3], [3.7, 4]], ['event 23', [[103, 63, 30, 93], 4], [0.8, 4]], ['event 24', [[142, 93, 150, 136, 125, 91, 82, 115, None], 4], [1.2, 8]], ['event 25', [[545, 488, 482, 494, 603, None], 4], None], ['event 26', [[55, 21, 75, 67, 25, 28], 3], [0.4, 6]]], [['event 17', [[432, 385, 408, 473], 4], None], ['event 28', [[483, 485, 434, 486, 504, 514, None], 3], [4.9, 5]], ['event 29', [[462, 439, 425, 447, 432, 317], 3], [4.4, 5]], ['event 30', [[34, 54, -15, -27], 4], [0.1, 4]], ['event 31', [[269, 318, 251, 298, 329], 3], [3.0, 5]], ['event 32', [[231, 238, 217, 239, 214, 186, 164, 154, None], 3], [2.2, 6]], ['event 33', [[523, 505, 529, 488, 514], 3], [5.1, 5]], ['even station count', [[310, 320, 330, 350], 3], [3.3, 4]]]]
for label, args, expected in fixtures[N - 1]:
    check(label, solve(*args), expected)
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)

Boundary fixture	Actual	Expected	Outcome
event 0	`[3.3, 4]`	`[3.3, 4]`	Passed
event 1	`[3.6, 8]`	`[3.6, 8]`	Passed
event 2	`[5.3, 8]`	`[5.3, 8]`	Passed
event 3	`[-0.4, 4]`	`[-0.4, 4]`	Passed
event 4	`[1.0, 5]`	`[1.0, 5]`	Passed
event 5	`[1.7, 8]`	`[1.7, 8]`	Passed
event 6	`[4.0, 7]`	`[4.0, 7]`	Passed
event 7	`[4.9, 6]`	`[4.9, 6]`	Passed

SHA-256 / b00172c0f069c55b0131a825eb483ecb21cc2a873b4bc64b113d5bbd847eec52

Verification & scope

Stipulated deterministic teaching model of a seismological magnitude procedure; constants and tables are fixed by the contract and no claim of agency or standards conformance is made. This reproducer isolates one failure mechanism. Results cover the supplied fixtures. Variants within a family share a test contract and should remain grouped when constructing evaluation splits. Related mechanisms with a shared evaluation_group must also remain together; these controlled models are not independent production incidents.

Observations recorded using Python 3.12.14 at 2026-09-29T14:48:29.144999+00:00.

Case digest / b1124366c5f41ce7936e77ec86fc048ec02bb9d5625448c9784f48d5a7bd62f1