FAILURE MAP
← Case archive

FA-70016 / Map projection transforms / Open access

Spherical transverse mercator in a UTM grid: zone central meridian · case 01

Eastings are offset by roughly 330 km in every zone.

Verified by executionVariant 1 · 8 checks per implementationDownload source bundle ↓JSON ↗

ROOT CAUSE

The central meridian is taken as the eastern zone edge 6*zone-180 instead of the zone centre 6*zone-183.

VERIFIED REPAIR

At the zone central meridian step restore `lon0 = zone * 6 - 183`, leaving the rest of the model unchanged.

Unsuccessful approach: Using 6*zone-186 picks the western zone edge, an equally wrong origin.

Case contract

Input [lon, lat, zone, hemisphere] with |lat| <= 80 and lon within 4 degrees of the zone central meridian 6*zone-183. On a sphere R = 6371000 with k0 = 0.9996: B = cos(phi)*sin(dl); x = 0.5*k0*R*ln((1+B)/(1-B)); y = k0*R*atan2(tan(phi), cos(dl)). Easting = 500000 + x. Northing = y plus 10000000 when the requested grid hemisphere is "S" (the caller may deliberately project points just north of the equator in a southern grid). Return [easting, northing] rounded to 2 decimals.

Why this case matters

Survey exports and GPS receivers express positions as UTM eastings and northings; a wrong false origin or meridian moves points by hundreds of kilometres.

1 / The failure

Exit 1
"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json
import math
N = 1
observations = []
def solve(x):
    lon, lat, zone, hemi = x
    R = 6371000.0
    k0 = 0.9996
    lon0 = zone * 6 - 180
    dl = math.radians(lon - lon0)
    phi = math.radians(lat)
    B = math.cos(phi) * math.sin(dl)
    xm = 0.5 * k0 * R * math.log((1 + B) / (1 - B))
    ym = k0 * R * math.atan2(math.tan(phi), math.cos(dl))
    easting = 500000.0 + xm
    northing = ym + (10000000.0 if hemi == 'S' else 0.0)
    return [round(easting, 2), round(northing, 2)]
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
fixtures = [[('control #0', [-146.456, 65.451, 6, 'S'], [525121.58, 17275016.5]), ('control #1', [-24.305, 48.206, 26, 'S'], [699628.48, 15361620.03]), ('control #2', [-3.252, -34.222, 30, 'N'], [476839.56, -3803819.3]), ('control #3', [140.223, -1.339, 54, 'S'], [413657.04, 9851155.87]), ('control #4', [-99.681, -57.299, 14, 'S'], [459106.63, 3630985.93]), ('control #5', [131.956, -7.201, 52, 'S'], [826109.36, 9198550.44]), ('control #6', [-63.683, 39.81, 20, 'S'], [441683.41, 14425121.91]), ('control #7', [-31.602, 39.795, 25, 'S'], [619393.11, 14424164.48])], [('control #1', [-24.305, 48.206, 26, 'S'], [699628.48, 15361620.03]), ('control #2', [-3.252, -34.222, 30, 'N'], [476839.56, -3803819.3]), ('control #5', [131.956, -7.201, 52, 'S'], [826109.36, 9198550.44]), ('control #6', [-63.683, 39.81, 20, 'S'], [441683.41, 14425121.91]), ('control #7', [-31.602, 39.795, 25, 'S'], [619393.11, 14424164.48]), ('control #8', [87.283, -45.722, 45, 'N'], [521960.41, -5082059.64]), ('control #9', [74.243, 54.044, 43, 'S'], [450595.96, 16007279.04]), ('control #10', [-96.557, 39.544, 14, 'S'], [709406.66, 14398176.63])], [('control #2', [-3.252, -34.222, 30, 'N'], [476839.56, -3803819.3]), ('control #3', [140.223, -1.339, 54, 'S'], [413657.04, 9851155.87]), ('control #8', [87.283, -45.722, 45, 'N'], [521960.41, -5082059.64]), ('control #9', [74.243, 54.044, 43, 'S'], [450595.96, 16007279.04]), ('control #10', [-96.557, 39.544, 14, 'S'], [709406.66, 14398176.63]), ('control #11', [162.356, -15.269, 58, 'N'], [216405.53, -1698880.3]), ('control #12', [-107.58, 5.652, 13, 'N'], [214531.37, 628855.65]), ('control #13', [100.982, 3.293, 47, 'S'], [719980.03, 10366237.05])], [('control #3', [140.223, -1.339, 54, 'S'], [413657.04, 9851155.87]), ('control #4', [-99.681, -57.299, 14, 'S'], [459106.63, 3630985.93]), ('control #11', [162.356, -15.269, 58, 'N'], [216405.53, -1698880.3]), ('control #12', [-107.58, 5.652, 13, 'N'], [214531.37, 628855.65]), ('control #13', [100.982, 3.293, 47, 'S'], [719980.03, 10366237.05]), ('regression #14', [9.0, 0.5, 32, 'S'], [500000.0, 10055575.22]), ('regression #15', [-75.5, 0.2, 18, 'S'], [444424.41, 10022230.94]), ('boundary #16', [15.0, 0.0, 33, 'N'], [500000.0, 0.0])], [('control #4', [-99.681, -57.299, 14, 'S'], [459106.63, 3630985.93]), ('control #5', [131.956, -7.201, 52, 'S'], [826109.36, 9198550.44]), ('regression #14', [9.0, 0.5, 32, 'S'], [500000.0, 10055575.22]), ('regression #15', [-75.5, 0.2, 18, 'S'], [444424.41, 10022230.94]), ('boundary #16', [15.0, 0.0, 33, 'N'], [500000.0, 0.0]), ('regression #17', [30.0, -0.3, 36, 'N'], [166400.77, -33390.89]), ('boundary #18', [3.0, 45.0, 31, 'N'], [500000.0, 5001770.19]), ('control #19', [12.3, -35.0, 33, 'S'], [254136.28, 6106410.11])]]
for label, args, expected in fixtures[N-1]:
    check(label, solve(args), expected)
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)
Boundary fixtureActualExpectedOutcome
control #0[386605.11, 17277119.14][525121.58, 17275016.5]Failed
control #1[477406.62, 15358163.36][699628.48, 15361620.03]Failed
control #2[201061.53, -3808564.87][476839.56, -3803819.3]Failed
control #3[79995.42, 9850845.7][413657.04, 9851155.87]Failed
control #4[279020.85, 3625213.82][459106.63, 3630985.93]Failed
control #5[495147.95, 9199605.39][826109.36, 9198550.44]Failed
control #6[185496.83, 14431375.94][441683.41, 14425121.91]Failed
control #7[363183.95, 14424456.49][619393.11, 14424164.48]Failed

SHA-256 / eb9de8db801f67f91a3f8d4838c15e1299fcf10b10a622ea33758b54877cb0f1

2 / The unsuccessful fix

Exit 1
"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json
import math
N = 1
observations = []
def solve(x):
    lon, lat, zone, hemi = x
    R = 6371000.0
    k0 = 0.9996
    lon0 = zone * 6 - 186
    dl = math.radians(lon - lon0)
    phi = math.radians(lat)
    B = math.cos(phi) * math.sin(dl)
    xm = 0.5 * k0 * R * math.log((1 + B) / (1 - B))
    ym = k0 * R * math.atan2(math.tan(phi), math.cos(dl))
    easting = 500000.0 + xm
    northing = ym + (10000000.0 if hemi == 'S' else 0.0)
    return [round(easting, 2), round(northing, 2)]
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
fixtures = [[('control #0', [-146.456, 65.451, 6, 'S'], [525121.58, 17275016.5]), ('control #1', [-24.305, 48.206, 26, 'S'], [699628.48, 15361620.03]), ('control #2', [-3.252, -34.222, 30, 'N'], [476839.56, -3803819.3]), ('control #3', [140.223, -1.339, 54, 'S'], [413657.04, 9851155.87]), ('control #4', [-99.681, -57.299, 14, 'S'], [459106.63, 3630985.93]), ('control #5', [131.956, -7.201, 52, 'S'], [826109.36, 9198550.44]), ('control #6', [-63.683, 39.81, 20, 'S'], [441683.41, 14425121.91]), ('control #7', [-31.602, 39.795, 25, 'S'], [619393.11, 14424164.48])], [('control #1', [-24.305, 48.206, 26, 'S'], [699628.48, 15361620.03]), ('control #2', [-3.252, -34.222, 30, 'N'], [476839.56, -3803819.3]), ('control #5', [131.956, -7.201, 52, 'S'], [826109.36, 9198550.44]), ('control #6', [-63.683, 39.81, 20, 'S'], [441683.41, 14425121.91]), ('control #7', [-31.602, 39.795, 25, 'S'], [619393.11, 14424164.48]), ('control #8', [87.283, -45.722, 45, 'N'], [521960.41, -5082059.64]), ('control #9', [74.243, 54.044, 43, 'S'], [450595.96, 16007279.04]), ('control #10', [-96.557, 39.544, 14, 'S'], [709406.66, 14398176.63])], [('control #2', [-3.252, -34.222, 30, 'N'], [476839.56, -3803819.3]), ('control #3', [140.223, -1.339, 54, 'S'], [413657.04, 9851155.87]), ('control #8', [87.283, -45.722, 45, 'N'], [521960.41, -5082059.64]), ('control #9', [74.243, 54.044, 43, 'S'], [450595.96, 16007279.04]), ('control #10', [-96.557, 39.544, 14, 'S'], [709406.66, 14398176.63]), ('control #11', [162.356, -15.269, 58, 'N'], [216405.53, -1698880.3]), ('control #12', [-107.58, 5.652, 13, 'N'], [214531.37, 628855.65]), ('control #13', [100.982, 3.293, 47, 'S'], [719980.03, 10366237.05])], [('control #3', [140.223, -1.339, 54, 'S'], [413657.04, 9851155.87]), ('control #4', [-99.681, -57.299, 14, 'S'], [459106.63, 3630985.93]), ('control #11', [162.356, -15.269, 58, 'N'], [216405.53, -1698880.3]), ('control #12', [-107.58, 5.652, 13, 'N'], [214531.37, 628855.65]), ('control #13', [100.982, 3.293, 47, 'S'], [719980.03, 10366237.05]), ('regression #14', [9.0, 0.5, 32, 'S'], [500000.0, 10055575.22]), ('regression #15', [-75.5, 0.2, 18, 'S'], [444424.41, 10022230.94]), ('boundary #16', [15.0, 0.0, 33, 'N'], [500000.0, 0.0])], [('control #4', [-99.681, -57.299, 14, 'S'], [459106.63, 3630985.93]), ('control #5', [131.956, -7.201, 52, 'S'], [826109.36, 9198550.44]), ('regression #14', [9.0, 0.5, 32, 'S'], [500000.0, 10055575.22]), ('regression #15', [-75.5, 0.2, 18, 'S'], [444424.41, 10022230.94]), ('boundary #16', [15.0, 0.0, 33, 'N'], [500000.0, 0.0]), ('regression #17', [30.0, -0.3, 36, 'N'], [166400.77, -33390.89]), ('boundary #18', [3.0, 45.0, 31, 'N'], [500000.0, 5001770.19]), ('control #19', [12.3, -35.0, 33, 'S'], [254136.28, 6106410.11])]]
for label, args, expected in fixtures[N-1]:
    check(label, solve(args), expected)
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)
Boundary fixtureActualExpectedOutcome
control #0[663592.92, 17279512.12][525121.58, 17275016.5]Failed
control #1[921788.18, 15373771.09][699628.48, 15361620.03]Failed
control #2[752594.29, -3807198.9][476839.56, -3803819.3]Failed
control #3[747081.91, 9851057.5][413657.04, 9851155.87]Failed
control #4[639239.16, 3628818.75][459106.63, 3630985.93]Failed
control #5[1157939.09, 9195307.51][826109.36, 9198550.44]Failed
control #6[697841.28, 14427461.28][441683.41, 14425121.91]Failed
control #7[875661.15, 14432470.0][619393.11, 14424164.48]Failed

SHA-256 / 4a96b7fc5d10ceae059ec6fc7284eff38d0e2ddb5fc0a854fbde33ebd226d44d

3 / The verified repair

Exit 0
"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json
import math
N = 1
observations = []
def solve(x):
    lon, lat, zone, hemi = x
    R = 6371000.0
    k0 = 0.9996
    lon0 = zone * 6 - 183
    dl = math.radians(lon - lon0)
    phi = math.radians(lat)
    B = math.cos(phi) * math.sin(dl)
    xm = 0.5 * k0 * R * math.log((1 + B) / (1 - B))
    ym = k0 * R * math.atan2(math.tan(phi), math.cos(dl))
    easting = 500000.0 + xm
    northing = ym + (10000000.0 if hemi == 'S' else 0.0)
    return [round(easting, 2), round(northing, 2)]
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
fixtures = [[('control #0', [-146.456, 65.451, 6, 'S'], [525121.58, 17275016.5]), ('control #1', [-24.305, 48.206, 26, 'S'], [699628.48, 15361620.03]), ('control #2', [-3.252, -34.222, 30, 'N'], [476839.56, -3803819.3]), ('control #3', [140.223, -1.339, 54, 'S'], [413657.04, 9851155.87]), ('control #4', [-99.681, -57.299, 14, 'S'], [459106.63, 3630985.93]), ('control #5', [131.956, -7.201, 52, 'S'], [826109.36, 9198550.44]), ('control #6', [-63.683, 39.81, 20, 'S'], [441683.41, 14425121.91]), ('control #7', [-31.602, 39.795, 25, 'S'], [619393.11, 14424164.48])], [('control #1', [-24.305, 48.206, 26, 'S'], [699628.48, 15361620.03]), ('control #2', [-3.252, -34.222, 30, 'N'], [476839.56, -3803819.3]), ('control #5', [131.956, -7.201, 52, 'S'], [826109.36, 9198550.44]), ('control #6', [-63.683, 39.81, 20, 'S'], [441683.41, 14425121.91]), ('control #7', [-31.602, 39.795, 25, 'S'], [619393.11, 14424164.48]), ('control #8', [87.283, -45.722, 45, 'N'], [521960.41, -5082059.64]), ('control #9', [74.243, 54.044, 43, 'S'], [450595.96, 16007279.04]), ('control #10', [-96.557, 39.544, 14, 'S'], [709406.66, 14398176.63])], [('control #2', [-3.252, -34.222, 30, 'N'], [476839.56, -3803819.3]), ('control #3', [140.223, -1.339, 54, 'S'], [413657.04, 9851155.87]), ('control #8', [87.283, -45.722, 45, 'N'], [521960.41, -5082059.64]), ('control #9', [74.243, 54.044, 43, 'S'], [450595.96, 16007279.04]), ('control #10', [-96.557, 39.544, 14, 'S'], [709406.66, 14398176.63]), ('control #11', [162.356, -15.269, 58, 'N'], [216405.53, -1698880.3]), ('control #12', [-107.58, 5.652, 13, 'N'], [214531.37, 628855.65]), ('control #13', [100.982, 3.293, 47, 'S'], [719980.03, 10366237.05])], [('control #3', [140.223, -1.339, 54, 'S'], [413657.04, 9851155.87]), ('control #4', [-99.681, -57.299, 14, 'S'], [459106.63, 3630985.93]), ('control #11', [162.356, -15.269, 58, 'N'], [216405.53, -1698880.3]), ('control #12', [-107.58, 5.652, 13, 'N'], [214531.37, 628855.65]), ('control #13', [100.982, 3.293, 47, 'S'], [719980.03, 10366237.05]), ('regression #14', [9.0, 0.5, 32, 'S'], [500000.0, 10055575.22]), ('regression #15', [-75.5, 0.2, 18, 'S'], [444424.41, 10022230.94]), ('boundary #16', [15.0, 0.0, 33, 'N'], [500000.0, 0.0])], [('control #4', [-99.681, -57.299, 14, 'S'], [459106.63, 3630985.93]), ('control #5', [131.956, -7.201, 52, 'S'], [826109.36, 9198550.44]), ('regression #14', [9.0, 0.5, 32, 'S'], [500000.0, 10055575.22]), ('regression #15', [-75.5, 0.2, 18, 'S'], [444424.41, 10022230.94]), ('boundary #16', [15.0, 0.0, 33, 'N'], [500000.0, 0.0]), ('regression #17', [30.0, -0.3, 36, 'N'], [166400.77, -33390.89]), ('boundary #18', [3.0, 45.0, 31, 'N'], [500000.0, 5001770.19]), ('control #19', [12.3, -35.0, 33, 'S'], [254136.28, 6106410.11])]]
for label, args, expected in fixtures[N-1]:
    check(label, solve(args), expected)
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)
Boundary fixtureActualExpectedOutcome
control #0[525121.58, 17275016.5][525121.58, 17275016.5]Passed
control #1[699628.48, 15361620.03][699628.48, 15361620.03]Passed
control #2[476839.56, -3803819.3][476839.56, -3803819.3]Passed
control #3[413657.04, 9851155.87][413657.04, 9851155.87]Passed
control #4[459106.63, 3630985.93][459106.63, 3630985.93]Passed
control #5[826109.36, 9198550.44][826109.36, 9198550.44]Passed
control #6[441683.41, 14425121.91][441683.41, 14425121.91]Passed
control #7[619393.11, 14424164.48][619393.11, 14424164.48]Passed

SHA-256 / 7cd0daef45d235f0989ddc06e18db0ae8d217804c0d20a54e7ee083da1c67989

Verification & scope

Stipulated deterministic toy contract on a bounded input domain; results are rounded as stated and no conformance with any published standard or library is claimed. This reproducer isolates one failure mechanism. Results cover the supplied fixtures. Variants within a family share a test contract and should remain grouped when constructing evaluation splits. Related mechanisms with a shared evaluation_group must also remain together; these controlled models are not independent production incidents.

Observations recorded using Python 3.12.14 at 2026-09-29T14:48:16.701533+00:00.

Case digest / ee47ec12647097e4570e49cbd464ac96798a66d94ea93c91dc1016a00aa2ac58