FA-69716 / Orbital propagation / Open access

Elliptic time of flight between anomalies: Mean anomaly adds the eccentric term · case 01

Durations near periapsis are too long.

Verified by executionVariant 1 · 7 checks per implementationDownload source bundle ↓JSON ↗

ROOT CAUSE

M is computed as E + e sin E.

VERIFIED REPAIR

Use M = E - e sin E.

Unsuccessful approach: Dropping e from the sine term treats every orbit as e=1.

Case contract

Input [a, e, nu1, nu2, mu] (degrees). Convert each true anomaly to eccentric anomaly with the half-angle atan2 form and to mean anomaly in [0,2pi); flight always proceeds forward, so dM=(M2-M1) mod 2pi. Return dM/n seconds rounded to 3 with n=sqrt(mu/a^3).

Why this case matters

Orbit determination and mission planning chain many small conversions; one wrong branch or unit silently moves a spacecraft by kilometres.

1 / The failure

Exit 1

"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json
import math
N = 1
observations = []
def solve(x):
    a,e,n1,n2,mu=x
    def Ma(nu):
        nu=math.radians(nu)
        E=2*math.atan2(math.sqrt(1-e)*math.sin(nu/2),math.sqrt(1+e)*math.cos(nu/2))
        return (E+e*math.sin(E))%(2*math.pi)
    n=math.sqrt(mu/a**3)
    dM=(Ma(n2)-Ma(n1))%(2*math.pi)
    return round(dM/n,3)
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
fixtures = [[('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418], 1271.911), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418], 1670.595), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418], 42774.887), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418], 8874.68), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0], 0.0), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0], 1.172), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0], 3.142)], [('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418], 1670.595), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418], 8874.68), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0], 0.0), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0], 1.172), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0], 3.142), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0], 7.512), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0], 0.023)], [('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418], 42774.887), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0], 3.142), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0], 7.512), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0], 0.023), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418], 1271.911), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418], 1670.595), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418], 8874.68)], [('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418], 8874.68), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418], 1271.911), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418], 1670.595), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418], 42774.887), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0], 0.0), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0], 1.172), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0], 3.142)], [('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0], 1.172), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418], 8874.68), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0], 0.0), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0], 3.142), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0], 7.512), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0], 0.023), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418], 1271.911)]]
for label, args, expected in fixtures[N-1]:
    check(label, solve(args), expected)
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)

Boundary fixture	Actual	Expected	Outcome
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418]	`1456.509`	`1271.911`	Failed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418]	`1940.135`	`1670.595`	Failed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418]	`41365.718`	`42774.887`	Failed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]	`2023.92`	`8874.68`	Failed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0]	`0.0`	`0.0`	Passed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0]	`2.034`	`1.172`	Failed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]	`3.142`	`3.142`	Passed

SHA-256 / 8b34b67a19aedc8f6fc8a63ca4ee80a25e65982e3eefcab28a6bb633e50bb227

2 / The unsuccessful fix

Exit 1

"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json
import math
N = 1
observations = []
def solve(x):
    a,e,n1,n2,mu=x
    def Ma(nu):
        nu=math.radians(nu)
        E=2*math.atan2(math.sqrt(1-e)*math.sin(nu/2),math.sqrt(1+e)*math.cos(nu/2))
        return (E-math.sin(E))%(2*math.pi)
    n=math.sqrt(mu/a**3)
    dM=(Ma(n2)-Ma(n1))%(2*math.pi)
    return round(dM/n,3)
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
fixtures = [[('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418], 1271.911), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418], 1670.595), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418], 42774.887), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418], 8874.68), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0], 0.0), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0], 1.172), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0], 3.142)], [('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418], 1670.595), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418], 8874.68), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0], 0.0), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0], 1.172), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0], 3.142), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0], 7.512), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0], 0.023)], [('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418], 42774.887), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0], 3.142), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0], 7.512), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0], 0.023), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418], 1271.911), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418], 1670.595), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418], 8874.68)], [('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418], 8874.68), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418], 1271.911), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418], 1670.595), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418], 42774.887), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0], 0.0), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0], 1.172), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0], 3.142)], [('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0], 1.172), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418], 8874.68), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0], 0.0), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0], 3.142), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0], 7.512), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0], 0.023), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418], 1271.911)]]
for label, args, expected in fixtures[N-1]:
    check(label, solve(args), expected)
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)

Boundary fixture	Actual	Expected	Outcome
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418]	`441.223`	`1271.911`	Failed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418]	`457.665`	`1670.595`	Failed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418]	`43076.851`	`42774.887`	Failed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]	`10342.7`	`8874.68`	Failed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0]	`0.0`	`0.0`	Passed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0]	`0.166`	`1.172`	Failed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]	`3.142`	`3.142`	Passed

SHA-256 / b8f5c7248a6c09174c30a5754791f9c8daa7dba94bd84d48c87f976dcb88a01a

3 / The verified repair

Exit 0

"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json
import math
N = 1
observations = []
def solve(x):
    a,e,n1,n2,mu=x
    def Ma(nu):
        nu=math.radians(nu)
        E=2*math.atan2(math.sqrt(1-e)*math.sin(nu/2),math.sqrt(1+e)*math.cos(nu/2))
        return (E-e*math.sin(E))%(2*math.pi)
    n=math.sqrt(mu/a**3)
    dM=(Ma(n2)-Ma(n1))%(2*math.pi)
    return round(dM/n,3)
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
fixtures = [[('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418], 1271.911), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418], 1670.595), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418], 42774.887), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418], 8874.68), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0], 0.0), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0], 1.172), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0], 3.142)], [('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418], 1670.595), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418], 8874.68), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0], 0.0), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0], 1.172), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0], 3.142), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0], 7.512), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0], 0.023)], [('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418], 42774.887), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0], 3.142), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0], 7.512), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0], 0.023), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418], 1271.911), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418], 1670.595), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418], 8874.68)], [('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418], 8874.68), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418], 1271.911), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418], 1670.595), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418], 42774.887), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0], 0.0), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0], 1.172), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0], 3.142)], [('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0], 1.172), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]', [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418], 8874.68), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0], 0.0), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]', [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0], 3.142), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 170.0, 190.0, 1.0], 7.512), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0]', [2.0, 0.9, 350.0, 10.0, 1.0], 0.023), ('elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418]', [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418], 1271.911)]]
for label, args, expected in fixtures[N-1]:
    check(label, solve(args), expected)
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)

Boundary fixture	Actual	Expected	Outcome
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 0.0, 90.0, 398600.4418]	`1271.911`	`1271.911`	Passed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [7000.0, 0.1, 270.0, 30.0, 398600.4418]	`1670.595`	`1670.595`	Passed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 10.0, 350.0, 398600.4418]	`42774.887`	`42774.887`	Passed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [26560.0, 0.7, 180.0, 200.0, 398600.4418]	`8874.68`	`8874.68`	Passed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.5, 45.0, 45.0, 1.0]	`0.0`	`0.0`	Passed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.3, 300.0, 60.0, 1.0]	`1.172`	`1.172`	Passed
elliptic time of flight between anomalies [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 180.0, 1.0]	`3.142`	`3.142`	Passed

SHA-256 / 079f4091fd8944bdf456f252d4be59f30134e545aa5d3a0ab8474badf8910b1a

Verification & scope

A deterministic toy two-body model with stipulated constants and conventions; not flight dynamics software or a validated SGP4 implementation. This reproducer isolates one failure mechanism. Results cover the supplied fixtures. Variants within a family share a test contract and should remain grouped when constructing evaluation splits. Related mechanisms with a shared evaluation_group must also remain together; these controlled models are not independent production incidents.

Observations recorded using Python 3.12.14 at 2026-09-29T14:48:13.911878+00:00.

Case digest / 2efd0ab1ccee0f08b5e39559973358dc3b7f20a5285738615e40ac33bbe9703a