FA-48976 / PCM sample encoding / Open access

Mulaw expansion: segment bias · case 01

The segment shift is applied only to bias, not mantissa.

Verified by executionVariant 1 · 8 checks per implementationDownload source bundle ↓JSON ↗

ROOT CAUSE

The segment shift is applied only to bias, not mantissa.

VERIFIED REPAIR

Use the stated conversion contract at segment bias.

Unsuccessful approach: Applying the shift only to mantissa omits segment-scaled bias.

Case contract

Decode eight-bit mu-law codewords using complement, three-bit segment, four-bit mantissa and reconstruction bias132; return signed integer PCM amplitudes.

Why this case matters

Offline PCM interchange uses these exact bounded packet and sample representation decisions.

1 / The failure

Exit 1

"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json

N = 1
observations = []
def solve(codes):
    out=[]
    for raw in codes:
        code=(~raw)&255
        mantissa=code&15
        exponent=(code>>4)&7
        amplitude=(mantissa<<3)+(132<<exponent)
        amplitude-=132
        out.append(-amplitude if code&128 else amplitude)
    return out
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
check('oracle 1', solve(*([255, 127, 0, 128],)), [0, 0, -32124, 32124])
check('oracle 2', solve(*([254, 253, 252],)), [8, 16, 24])
check('oracle 3', solve(*([240, 239, 224],)), [120, 132, 372])
check('oracle 4', solve(*([16, 32, 64],)), [-15996, -7932, -1884])
check('oracle 5', solve(*([],)), [])
check('oracle 6', solve(*([175, 191, 207, 223],)), [4092, 1980, 924, 396])
check('oracle 7', solve(*([1, 2, 126],)), [-31100, -30076, -8])
if N == 1: check('variant packet 1', solve(*[[255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128]]), [0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124])
if N == 2: check('variant packet 2', solve(*[[255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128]]), [0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124])
if N == 3: check('variant packet 3', solve(*[[255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128]]), [0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124])
if N == 4: check('variant packet 4', solve(*[[255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128]]), [0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124])
if N == 5: check('variant packet 5', solve(*[[255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128]]), [0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124])
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)

Boundary fixture	Actual	Expected	Outcome
oracle 1	`[0, 0, -16884, 16884]`	`[0, 0, -32124, 32124]`	Failed
oracle 2	`[8, 16, 24]`	`[8, 16, 24]`	Passed
oracle 3	`[120, 132, 252]`	`[120, 132, 372]`	Failed
oracle 4	`[-8436, -4212, -1044]`	`[-15996, -7932, -1884]`	Failed
oracle 5	`[]`	`[]`	Passed
oracle 6	`[4092, 1980, 924, 396]`	`[4092, 1980, 924, 396]`	Passed
oracle 7	`[-16876, -16868, -8]`	`[-31100, -30076, -8]`	Failed
variant packet 1	`[0, 0, -16884, 16884, 0, 0, -16884, 16884]`	`[0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124]`	Failed

SHA-256 / 63bf9bd387fa32067640f2799d0a25ad2a7255f23e39c888f8faeacd0347dc35

2 / The unsuccessful fix

Exit 1

"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json

N = 1
observations = []
def solve(codes):
    out=[]
    for raw in codes:
        code=(~raw)&255
        mantissa=code&15
        exponent=(code>>4)&7
        amplitude=((mantissa<<3)<<exponent)+132
        amplitude-=132
        out.append(-amplitude if code&128 else amplitude)
    return out
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
check('oracle 1', solve(*([255, 127, 0, 128],)), [0, 0, -32124, 32124])
check('oracle 2', solve(*([254, 253, 252],)), [8, 16, 24])
check('oracle 3', solve(*([240, 239, 224],)), [120, 132, 372])
check('oracle 4', solve(*([16, 32, 64],)), [-15996, -7932, -1884])
check('oracle 5', solve(*([],)), [])
check('oracle 6', solve(*([175, 191, 207, 223],)), [4092, 1980, 924, 396])
check('oracle 7', solve(*([1, 2, 126],)), [-31100, -30076, -8])
if N == 1: check('variant packet 1', solve(*[[255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128]]), [0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124])
if N == 2: check('variant packet 2', solve(*[[255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128]]), [0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124])
if N == 3: check('variant packet 3', solve(*[[255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128]]), [0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124])
if N == 4: check('variant packet 4', solve(*[[255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128]]), [0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124])
if N == 5: check('variant packet 5', solve(*[[255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128]]), [0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124])
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)

Boundary fixture	Actual	Expected	Outcome
oracle 1	`[0, 0, -15360, 15360]`	`[0, 0, -32124, 32124]`	Failed
oracle 2	`[8, 16, 24]`	`[8, 16, 24]`	Passed
oracle 3	`[120, 0, 240]`	`[120, 132, 372]`	Failed
oracle 4	`[-7680, -3840, -960]`	`[-15996, -7932, -1884]`	Failed
oracle 5	`[]`	`[]`	Passed
oracle 6	`[0, 0, 0, 0]`	`[4092, 1980, 924, 396]`	Failed
oracle 7	`[-14336, -13312, -8]`	`[-31100, -30076, -8]`	Failed
variant packet 1	`[0, 0, -15360, 15360, 0, 0, -15360, 15360]`	`[0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124]`	Failed

SHA-256 / cbfe19347d349997f8e68a738fa10e91db4a07607d652901427aa55c71fc87f3

3 / The verified repair

Exit 0

"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json

N = 1
observations = []
def solve(codes):
    out=[]
    for raw in codes:
        code=(~raw)&255
        mantissa=code&15
        exponent=(code>>4)&7
        amplitude=((mantissa<<3)+132)<<exponent
        amplitude-=132
        out.append(-amplitude if code&128 else amplitude)
    return out
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
check('oracle 1', solve(*([255, 127, 0, 128],)), [0, 0, -32124, 32124])
check('oracle 2', solve(*([254, 253, 252],)), [8, 16, 24])
check('oracle 3', solve(*([240, 239, 224],)), [120, 132, 372])
check('oracle 4', solve(*([16, 32, 64],)), [-15996, -7932, -1884])
check('oracle 5', solve(*([],)), [])
check('oracle 6', solve(*([175, 191, 207, 223],)), [4092, 1980, 924, 396])
check('oracle 7', solve(*([1, 2, 126],)), [-31100, -30076, -8])
if N == 1: check('variant packet 1', solve(*[[255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128]]), [0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124])
if N == 2: check('variant packet 2', solve(*[[255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128]]), [0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124])
if N == 3: check('variant packet 3', solve(*[[255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128]]), [0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124])
if N == 4: check('variant packet 4', solve(*[[255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128]]), [0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124])
if N == 5: check('variant packet 5', solve(*[[255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128, 255, 127, 0, 128]]), [0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124])
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)

Boundary fixture	Actual	Expected	Outcome
oracle 1	`[0, 0, -32124, 32124]`	`[0, 0, -32124, 32124]`	Passed
oracle 2	`[8, 16, 24]`	`[8, 16, 24]`	Passed
oracle 3	`[120, 132, 372]`	`[120, 132, 372]`	Passed
oracle 4	`[-15996, -7932, -1884]`	`[-15996, -7932, -1884]`	Passed
oracle 5	`[]`	`[]`	Passed
oracle 6	`[4092, 1980, 924, 396]`	`[4092, 1980, 924, 396]`	Passed
oracle 7	`[-31100, -30076, -8]`	`[-31100, -30076, -8]`	Passed
variant packet 1	`[0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124]`	`[0, 0, -32124, 32124, 0, 0, -32124, 32124]`	Passed

SHA-256 / 9ccd6e94810f4fe44df29ea64443af5f55b5ebc2fd0cf11e11073f4702c4b1cb

Verification & scope

Stipulated finite model; no claim of hardware timing or full file-format conformance. This reproducer isolates one failure mechanism. Results cover the supplied fixtures. Variants within a family share a test contract and should remain grouped when constructing evaluation splits. Related mechanisms with a shared evaluation_group must also remain together; these controlled models are not independent production incidents.

Observations recorded using Python 3.12.14 at 2026-09-29T14:44:55.689431+00:00.

Case digest / cf9f18365415759211c1abe04ac3c72a88c50c0bb4244d337128fa4cecd8231a