FA-16341 / Floating-point arithmetic / Open access

Sinc series has the hyperbolic sine curvature · case 01

Sinc series has the hyperbolic sine curvature.

Verified by executionVariant 1 · 7 checks per implementationDownload source bundle ↓JSON ↗

ROOT CAUSE

Sinc series has the hyperbolic sine curvature. The faulty expression is result=1+t/6+t*t/120.

THE FAILURE

Sinc series has the hyperbolic sine curvature. The faulty expression is result=1+t/6+t*t/120.

Unsuccessful approach: The attempted local correction result=1-t/2+t*t/24 still violates the explicit regression fixtures.

Case contract

Evaluate sin(x)/x on finite x with continuous value one at zero. Tiny values use the fourth-degree even series. Finite results are rendered to eleven significant decimal digits; modeled domain violations and arithmetic errors are explicit strings.

Why this case matters

An offline floating representation model isolates a reproducible arithmetic fault.

1 / The failure

Exit 1

"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json
import math
import struct
def render(x):
    if math.isnan(x): return 'nan'
    if math.isinf(x): return '-infinity' if x<0 else '+infinity'
    return format(x,'.11g')

N = 1
observations = []
def solve(x):
    try:
        if x==0: return '1'
        if abs(x)<1e-3:
            t=x*x
            result=1+t/6+t*t/120
        else:
            result=math.sin(x)/x
        return render(result)
    except (ValueError, OverflowError, ZeroDivisionError, TypeError):
        return "arithmetic-error"
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
check('zero', solve(0.0), "1")
check('negative zero', solve(-0.0), "1")
check('small', solve(N*1e-4), render(math.sin(N*1e-4)/(N*1e-4)))
check('negative small', solve(-N*1e-4), render(math.sin(-N*1e-4)/(-N*1e-4)))
check('normal', solve(float(N)), render(math.sin(N)/N))
check('negative normal', solve(-float(N)), render(math.sin(-N)/(-N)))
check('phase crossing', solve(math.pi+0.125*N), render(math.sin(math.pi+0.125*N)/(math.pi+0.125*N)))
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)

Boundary fixture	Actual	Expected	Outcome
zero	`1`	`1`	Passed
negative zero	`1`	`1`	Passed
small	`1.0000000017`	`0.99999999833`	Failed
negative small	`1.0000000017`	`0.99999999833`	Failed
normal	`0.84147098481`	`0.84147098481`	Passed
negative normal	`0.84147098481`	`0.84147098481`	Passed
phase crossing	`-0.038166599453`	`-0.038166599453`	Passed

SHA-256 / 3f4ff2327ade454040564d7ce236621ea96ab2f98c955a5d94989dff9b49ef62

2 / The unsuccessful fix

Exit 1

"""Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only."""
import json
import math
import struct
def render(x):
    if math.isnan(x): return 'nan'
    if math.isinf(x): return '-infinity' if x<0 else '+infinity'
    return format(x,'.11g')

N = 1
observations = []
def solve(x):
    try:
        if x==0: return '1'
        if abs(x)<1e-3:
            t=x*x
            result=1-t/2+t*t/24
        else:
            result=math.sin(x)/x
        return render(result)
    except (ValueError, OverflowError, ZeroDivisionError, TypeError):
        return "arithmetic-error"
def check(label, actual, expected):
    observations.append({"check": label, "actual": actual, "expected": expected, "passed": actual == expected})
check('zero', solve(0.0), "1")
check('negative zero', solve(-0.0), "1")
check('small', solve(N*1e-4), render(math.sin(N*1e-4)/(N*1e-4)))
check('negative small', solve(-N*1e-4), render(math.sin(-N*1e-4)/(-N*1e-4)))
check('normal', solve(float(N)), render(math.sin(N)/N))
check('negative normal', solve(-float(N)), render(math.sin(-N)/(-N)))
check('phase crossing', solve(math.pi+0.125*N), render(math.sin(math.pi+0.125*N)/(math.pi+0.125*N)))
print(json.dumps({"observations": observations, "passed": all(x["passed"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))
raise SystemExit(0 if all(x["passed"] for x in observations) else 1)

Boundary fixture	Actual	Expected	Outcome
zero	`1`	`1`	Passed
negative zero	`1`	`1`	Passed
small	`0.999999995`	`0.99999999833`	Failed
negative small	`0.999999995`	`0.99999999833`	Failed
normal	`0.84147098481`	`0.84147098481`	Passed
negative normal	`0.84147098481`	`0.84147098481`	Passed
phase crossing	`-0.038166599453`	`-0.038166599453`	Passed

SHA-256 / 36d3184ab886aa4cbdd4e11fac0da86badf8c7b18f71743f8eafe3b6a535d92b

HELD IN THE MEMBER ARCHIVE

The verified repair and its recorded checks are member-only.

This mechanism has 7 recorded checks per implementation. The open-access tier publishes the failure and the unsuccessful fix; the repaired source that passes every check, and the observations that prove it, are available to members.

Every case sharing this mechanism uses the same contract and the same repair, so this one record is held back for all of them.

Member access is invitation-based. Sign in with your invited account to inspect the repair.

Verification & scope

Controlled binary64 or explicitly stipulated miniature format; no hardware exception flags or platform floating environment are modeled. This reproducer isolates one failure mechanism. Results cover the supplied fixtures. Variants within a family share a test contract and should remain grouped when constructing evaluation splits. Related mechanisms with a shared evaluation_group must also remain together; these controlled models are not independent production incidents.

Observations recorded using Python 3.12.14 at 2026-09-29T14:39:35.400742+00:00.

Case digest / 459804e02dc6bff41b5960fea384eeae23e3512e58dcdaddcc929ceb68cac458