{"abstract":"The equivalent magnitude of a single M5 event is reported as M11.25.","category":"Seismic magnitude estimation","checks":8,"contract":"Surface-wave magnitudes of a swarm; energy per event log10 E = 1.5 Ms + 4.8 (J). Sum energies and invert to the single equivalent magnitude. Return [Meq rounded 0.01, total energy \"%.2e\"] or None for an empty swarm.","evaluation_group":"w2-seismic_magnitude_estimation-swarm-energy-magnitude","failed_approach":"Subtracting 4.8 after dividing leaves an offset of 3.2.","family":"w2-seismic_magnitude_estimation-swarm-energy-magnitude-energy-inversion","id":"FA-71421","implementations":{"attempt":{"sha256":"f5905807087e7949acd46706c1ef0bbd999b696b1dcc3b69e0ae728c75e35d83","source":"\"\"\"Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only.\"\"\"\nimport json\nimport math\nN = 1\nobservations = []\ndef solve(mags):\n    if not mags:\n        return None\n    e = sum(10 ** (1.5 * m + 4.8) for m in mags)\n    me = math.log10(e) / 1.5 - 4.8\n    return [round(me, 2), \"%.2e\" % e]\ndef check(label, actual, expected):\n    observations.append({\"check\": label, \"actual\": actual, \"expected\": expected, \"passed\": actual == expected})\nfixtures = [[['swarm 0', [[5.0, 5.0, 5.0, 5.0]], [5.4, '7.98e+12']], ['swarm 1', [[2.5, 2.5]], [2.7, '7.10e+08']], ['swarm 2', [[4.5]], [4.5, '3.55e+11']], ['swarm 3', [[2.5, 2.5]], [2.7, '7.10e+08']], ['swarm 4', [[4.2, 4.2]], [4.4, '2.52e+11']], ['swarm 5', [[4.2, 4.2, 4.2, 4.2, 4.2]], [4.67, '6.29e+11']], ['swarm 6', [[6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2]], [6.67, '6.29e+14']], ['swarm 7', [[3.7, 3.7, 3.7]], [4.02, '6.72e+10']]], [['swarm 3', [[2.5, 2.5]], [2.7, '7.10e+08']], ['swarm 6', [[6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2]], [6.67, '6.29e+14']], ['swarm 7', [[3.7, 3.7, 3.7]], [4.02, '6.72e+10']], ['swarm 8', [[3.6, 3.6]], [3.8, '3.17e+10']], ['swarm 9', [[2.2, 2.2, 2.2, 2.2]], [2.6, '5.04e+08']], ['swarm 10', [[5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.2]], [5.67, '1.99e+13']], ['swarm 11', [[2.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2.4]], [2.8, '1.00e+09']], ['swarm 12', [[2.1, 2.1, 2.1, 2.1]], [2.5, '3.57e+08']]], [['swarm 6', [[6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2]], [6.67, '6.29e+14']], ['swarm 11', [[2.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2.4]], [2.8, '1.00e+09']], ['swarm 14', [[4.7]], [4.7, '7.08e+11']], ['swarm 15', [[6.0, 6.0]], [6.2, '1.26e+14']], ['swarm 16', [[2.7, 2.7, 2.7]], [3.02, '2.12e+09']], ['swarm 17', [[2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 2.6]], [3.07, '2.51e+09']], ['swarm 18', [[4.1, 4.1]], [4.3, '1.78e+11']], ['swarm 19', [[3.6, 3.6, 3.6, 3.6, 3.6, 3.6]], [4.12, '9.51e+10']]], [['swarm 9', [[2.2, 2.2, 2.2, 2.2]], [2.6, '5.04e+08']], ['swarm 16', [[2.7, 2.7, 2.7]], [3.02, '2.12e+09']], ['swarm 21', [[4.6, 4.6]], [4.8, '1.00e+12']], ['swarm 22', [[6.1, 6.1]], [6.3, '1.78e+14']], ['swarm 23', [[3.5, 3.5, 3.5]], [3.82, '3.37e+10']], ['swarm 24', [[4.9, 4.9, 4.9, 4.9, 4.9, 4.9]], [5.42, '8.48e+12']], ['swarm 25', [[3.2, 3.2, 3.2, 3.2]], [3.6, '1.59e+10']], ['swarm 26', [[4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5]], [5.02, '2.13e+12']]], [['swarm 12', [[2.1, 2.1, 2.1, 2.1]], [2.5, '3.57e+08']], ['swarm 21', [[4.6, 4.6]], [4.8, '1.00e+12']], ['swarm 28', [[2.9]], [2.9, '1.41e+09']], ['swarm 29', [[2.9, 2.9, 2.9, 2.9, 2.9]], [3.37, '7.06e+09']], ['single event', [[5.0]], [5.0, '2.00e+12']], ['two equal events', [[4.0, 4.0]], [4.2, '1.26e+11']], ['empty', [[]], None], ['one big many small', [[6.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0]], [6.0, '6.31e+13']]]]\nfor label, args, expected in fixtures[N - 1]:\n    check(label, solve(*args), expected)\nprint(json.dumps({\"observations\": observations, \"passed\": all(x[\"passed\"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))\nraise SystemExit(0 if all(x[\"passed\"] for x in observations) else 1)\n"},"broken":{"sha256":"cda63707f34133b482ef258adf95a63e6a9a032ec8fd626eda0f93e1ec9bb661","source":"\"\"\"Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only.\"\"\"\nimport json\nimport math\nN = 1\nobservations = []\ndef solve(mags):\n    if not mags:\n        return None\n    e = sum(10 ** (1.5 * m + 4.8) for m in mags)\n    me = (math.log10(e) - 4.8) * 1.5\n    return [round(me, 2), \"%.2e\" % e]\ndef check(label, actual, expected):\n    observations.append({\"check\": label, \"actual\": actual, \"expected\": expected, \"passed\": actual == expected})\nfixtures = [[['swarm 0', [[5.0, 5.0, 5.0, 5.0]], [5.4, '7.98e+12']], ['swarm 1', [[2.5, 2.5]], [2.7, '7.10e+08']], ['swarm 2', [[4.5]], [4.5, '3.55e+11']], ['swarm 3', [[2.5, 2.5]], [2.7, '7.10e+08']], ['swarm 4', [[4.2, 4.2]], [4.4, '2.52e+11']], ['swarm 5', [[4.2, 4.2, 4.2, 4.2, 4.2]], [4.67, '6.29e+11']], ['swarm 6', [[6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2]], [6.67, '6.29e+14']], ['swarm 7', [[3.7, 3.7, 3.7]], [4.02, '6.72e+10']]], [['swarm 3', [[2.5, 2.5]], [2.7, '7.10e+08']], ['swarm 6', [[6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2]], [6.67, '6.29e+14']], ['swarm 7', [[3.7, 3.7, 3.7]], [4.02, '6.72e+10']], ['swarm 8', [[3.6, 3.6]], [3.8, '3.17e+10']], ['swarm 9', [[2.2, 2.2, 2.2, 2.2]], [2.6, '5.04e+08']], ['swarm 10', [[5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.2]], [5.67, '1.99e+13']], ['swarm 11', [[2.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2.4]], [2.8, '1.00e+09']], ['swarm 12', [[2.1, 2.1, 2.1, 2.1]], [2.5, '3.57e+08']]], [['swarm 6', [[6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2]], [6.67, '6.29e+14']], ['swarm 11', [[2.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2.4]], [2.8, '1.00e+09']], ['swarm 14', [[4.7]], [4.7, '7.08e+11']], ['swarm 15', [[6.0, 6.0]], [6.2, '1.26e+14']], ['swarm 16', [[2.7, 2.7, 2.7]], [3.02, '2.12e+09']], ['swarm 17', [[2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 2.6]], [3.07, '2.51e+09']], ['swarm 18', [[4.1, 4.1]], [4.3, '1.78e+11']], ['swarm 19', [[3.6, 3.6, 3.6, 3.6, 3.6, 3.6]], [4.12, '9.51e+10']]], [['swarm 9', [[2.2, 2.2, 2.2, 2.2]], [2.6, '5.04e+08']], ['swarm 16', [[2.7, 2.7, 2.7]], [3.02, '2.12e+09']], ['swarm 21', [[4.6, 4.6]], [4.8, '1.00e+12']], ['swarm 22', [[6.1, 6.1]], [6.3, '1.78e+14']], ['swarm 23', [[3.5, 3.5, 3.5]], [3.82, '3.37e+10']], ['swarm 24', [[4.9, 4.9, 4.9, 4.9, 4.9, 4.9]], [5.42, '8.48e+12']], ['swarm 25', [[3.2, 3.2, 3.2, 3.2]], [3.6, '1.59e+10']], ['swarm 26', [[4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5]], [5.02, '2.13e+12']]], [['swarm 12', [[2.1, 2.1, 2.1, 2.1]], [2.5, '3.57e+08']], ['swarm 21', [[4.6, 4.6]], [4.8, '1.00e+12']], ['swarm 28', [[2.9]], [2.9, '1.41e+09']], ['swarm 29', [[2.9, 2.9, 2.9, 2.9, 2.9]], [3.37, '7.06e+09']], ['single event', [[5.0]], [5.0, '2.00e+12']], ['two equal events', [[4.0, 4.0]], [4.2, '1.26e+11']], ['empty', [[]], None], ['one big many small', [[6.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0]], [6.0, '6.31e+13']]]]\nfor label, args, expected in fixtures[N - 1]:\n    check(label, solve(*args), expected)\nprint(json.dumps({\"observations\": observations, \"passed\": all(x[\"passed\"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))\nraise SystemExit(0 if all(x[\"passed\"] for x in observations) else 1)\n"},"fixed":{"sha256":"857056525ef727bb6c7cb72e151c47107b9c15e5eadf34b54c0b8e5e136a09a6","source":"\"\"\"Failure Map reference implementation. Python standard library only.\"\"\"\nimport json\nimport math\nN = 1\nobservations = []\ndef solve(mags):\n    if not mags:\n        return None\n    e = sum(10 ** (1.5 * m + 4.8) for m in mags)\n    me = (math.log10(e) - 4.8) / 1.5\n    return [round(me, 2), \"%.2e\" % e]\ndef check(label, actual, expected):\n    observations.append({\"check\": label, \"actual\": actual, \"expected\": expected, \"passed\": actual == expected})\nfixtures = [[['swarm 0', [[5.0, 5.0, 5.0, 5.0]], [5.4, '7.98e+12']], ['swarm 1', [[2.5, 2.5]], [2.7, '7.10e+08']], ['swarm 2', [[4.5]], [4.5, '3.55e+11']], ['swarm 3', [[2.5, 2.5]], [2.7, '7.10e+08']], ['swarm 4', [[4.2, 4.2]], [4.4, '2.52e+11']], ['swarm 5', [[4.2, 4.2, 4.2, 4.2, 4.2]], [4.67, '6.29e+11']], ['swarm 6', [[6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2]], [6.67, '6.29e+14']], ['swarm 7', [[3.7, 3.7, 3.7]], [4.02, '6.72e+10']]], [['swarm 3', [[2.5, 2.5]], [2.7, '7.10e+08']], ['swarm 6', [[6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2]], [6.67, '6.29e+14']], ['swarm 7', [[3.7, 3.7, 3.7]], [4.02, '6.72e+10']], ['swarm 8', [[3.6, 3.6]], [3.8, '3.17e+10']], ['swarm 9', [[2.2, 2.2, 2.2, 2.2]], [2.6, '5.04e+08']], ['swarm 10', [[5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.2]], [5.67, '1.99e+13']], ['swarm 11', [[2.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2.4]], [2.8, '1.00e+09']], ['swarm 12', [[2.1, 2.1, 2.1, 2.1]], [2.5, '3.57e+08']]], [['swarm 6', [[6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2]], [6.67, '6.29e+14']], ['swarm 11', [[2.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2.4]], [2.8, '1.00e+09']], ['swarm 14', [[4.7]], [4.7, '7.08e+11']], ['swarm 15', [[6.0, 6.0]], [6.2, '1.26e+14']], ['swarm 16', [[2.7, 2.7, 2.7]], [3.02, '2.12e+09']], ['swarm 17', [[2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 2.6]], [3.07, '2.51e+09']], ['swarm 18', [[4.1, 4.1]], [4.3, '1.78e+11']], ['swarm 19', [[3.6, 3.6, 3.6, 3.6, 3.6, 3.6]], [4.12, '9.51e+10']]], [['swarm 9', [[2.2, 2.2, 2.2, 2.2]], [2.6, '5.04e+08']], ['swarm 16', [[2.7, 2.7, 2.7]], [3.02, '2.12e+09']], ['swarm 21', [[4.6, 4.6]], [4.8, '1.00e+12']], ['swarm 22', [[6.1, 6.1]], [6.3, '1.78e+14']], ['swarm 23', [[3.5, 3.5, 3.5]], [3.82, '3.37e+10']], ['swarm 24', [[4.9, 4.9, 4.9, 4.9, 4.9, 4.9]], [5.42, '8.48e+12']], ['swarm 25', [[3.2, 3.2, 3.2, 3.2]], [3.6, '1.59e+10']], ['swarm 26', [[4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5]], [5.02, '2.13e+12']]], [['swarm 12', [[2.1, 2.1, 2.1, 2.1]], [2.5, '3.57e+08']], ['swarm 21', [[4.6, 4.6]], [4.8, '1.00e+12']], ['swarm 28', [[2.9]], [2.9, '1.41e+09']], ['swarm 29', [[2.9, 2.9, 2.9, 2.9, 2.9]], [3.37, '7.06e+09']], ['single event', [[5.0]], [5.0, '2.00e+12']], ['two equal events', [[4.0, 4.0]], [4.2, '1.26e+11']], ['empty', [[]], None], ['one big many small', [[6.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0]], [6.0, '6.31e+13']]]]\nfor label, args, expected in fixtures[N - 1]:\n    check(label, solve(*args), expected)\nprint(json.dumps({\"observations\": observations, \"passed\": all(x[\"passed\"] for x in observations)}, ensure_ascii=False))\nraise SystemExit(0 if all(x[\"passed\"] for x in observations) else 1)\n"}},"limitations":"Stipulated deterministic teaching model of a seismological magnitude procedure; constants and tables are fixed by the contract and no claim of agency or standards conformance is made. This reproducer isolates one failure mechanism. Results cover the supplied fixtures. Variants within a family share a test contract and should remain grouped when constructing evaluation splits. Related mechanisms with a shared evaluation_group must also remain together; these controlled models are not independent production incidents.","method":"Deterministic executable model with adversarial boundary fixtures.","provenance":{"created_by":"Failure Map","dependencies":"Python standard library","family":"w2-seismic_magnitude_estimation-swarm-energy-magnitude-energy-inversion","generated_at":"2026-09-29T14:48:29.477198+00:00","license":"CC0-1.0","python":"3.12.14","seed":1,"split":"open-access"},"relevance":"Swarm summaries compare cumulative energy release with single earthquakes.","repair":"Use (log10 E - 4.8)/1.5.","root_cause":"The inversion multiplies by 1.5 instead of dividing.","sha256":"b362e947b99858e011bbd22e0efed90e21275db68bbba8d9da27637fcc0f329d","title":"Equivalent magnitude of a swarm: energy inversion · case 01","variant":1,"variant_policy":"Five numbered records share a model and may reuse boundary fixtures.","verification":{"attempt":{"elapsed_ms":42.392,"exit_code":1,"observations":[{"actual":[3.8,"7.98e+12"],"check":"swarm 0","expected":[5.4,"7.98e+12"],"passed":false},{"actual":[1.1,"7.10e+08"],"check":"swarm 1","expected":[2.7,"7.10e+08"],"passed":false},{"actual":[2.9,"3.55e+11"],"check":"swarm 2","expected":[4.5,"3.55e+11"],"passed":false},{"actual":[1.1,"7.10e+08"],"check":"swarm 3","expected":[2.7,"7.10e+08"],"passed":false},{"actual":[2.8,"2.52e+11"],"check":"swarm 4","expected":[4.4,"2.52e+11"],"passed":false},{"actual":[3.07,"6.29e+11"],"check":"swarm 5","expected":[4.67,"6.29e+11"],"passed":false},{"actual":[5.07,"6.29e+14"],"check":"swarm 6","expected":[6.67,"6.29e+14"],"passed":false},{"actual":[2.42,"6.72e+10"],"check":"swarm 7","expected":[4.02,"6.72e+10"],"passed":false}],"passed":false,"stderr":"","stdout":"{\"observations\": [{\"check\": \"swarm 0\", \"actual\": [3.8, \"7.98e+12\"], \"expected\": [5.4, \"7.98e+12\"], \"passed\": false}, {\"check\": \"swarm 1\", \"actual\": [1.1, \"7.10e+08\"], \"expected\": [2.7, \"7.10e+08\"], \"passed\": false}, {\"check\": \"swarm 2\", \"actual\": [2.9, \"3.55e+11\"], \"expected\": [4.5, \"3.55e+11\"], \"passed\": false}, {\"check\": \"swarm 3\", \"actual\": [1.1, \"7.10e+08\"], \"expected\": [2.7, \"7.10e+08\"], \"passed\": false}, {\"check\": \"swarm 4\", \"actual\": [2.8, \"2.52e+11\"], \"expected\": [4.4, \"2.52e+11\"], \"passed\": false}, {\"check\": \"swarm 5\", \"actual\": [3.07, \"6.29e+11\"], \"expected\": [4.67, \"6.29e+11\"], \"passed\": false}, {\"check\": \"swarm 6\", \"actual\": [5.07, \"6.29e+14\"], \"expected\": [6.67, \"6.29e+14\"], \"passed\": false}, {\"check\": \"swarm 7\", \"actual\": [2.42, \"6.72e+10\"], \"expected\": [4.02, \"6.72e+10\"], \"passed\": false}], \"passed\": false}\n"},"broken":{"elapsed_ms":38.067,"exit_code":1,"observations":[{"actual":[12.15,"7.98e+12"],"check":"swarm 0","expected":[5.4,"7.98e+12"],"passed":false},{"actual":[6.08,"7.10e+08"],"check":"swarm 1","expected":[2.7,"7.10e+08"],"passed":false},{"actual":[10.13,"3.55e+11"],"check":"swarm 2","expected":[4.5,"3.55e+11"],"passed":false},{"actual":[6.08,"7.10e+08"],"check":"swarm 3","expected":[2.7,"7.10e+08"],"passed":false},{"actual":[9.9,"2.52e+11"],"check":"swarm 4","expected":[4.4,"2.52e+11"],"passed":false},{"actual":[10.5,"6.29e+11"],"check":"swarm 5","expected":[4.67,"6.29e+11"],"passed":false},{"actual":[15.0,"6.29e+14"],"check":"swarm 6","expected":[6.67,"6.29e+14"],"passed":false},{"actual":[9.04,"6.72e+10"],"check":"swarm 7","expected":[4.02,"6.72e+10"],"passed":false}],"passed":false,"stderr":"","stdout":"{\"observations\": [{\"check\": \"swarm 0\", \"actual\": [12.15, \"7.98e+12\"], \"expected\": [5.4, \"7.98e+12\"], \"passed\": false}, {\"check\": \"swarm 1\", \"actual\": [6.08, \"7.10e+08\"], \"expected\": [2.7, \"7.10e+08\"], \"passed\": false}, {\"check\": \"swarm 2\", \"actual\": [10.13, \"3.55e+11\"], \"expected\": [4.5, \"3.55e+11\"], \"passed\": false}, {\"check\": \"swarm 3\", \"actual\": [6.08, \"7.10e+08\"], \"expected\": [2.7, \"7.10e+08\"], \"passed\": false}, {\"check\": \"swarm 4\", \"actual\": [9.9, \"2.52e+11\"], \"expected\": [4.4, \"2.52e+11\"], \"passed\": false}, {\"check\": \"swarm 5\", \"actual\": [10.5, \"6.29e+11\"], \"expected\": [4.67, \"6.29e+11\"], \"passed\": false}, {\"check\": \"swarm 6\", \"actual\": [15.0, \"6.29e+14\"], \"expected\": [6.67, \"6.29e+14\"], \"passed\": false}, {\"check\": \"swarm 7\", \"actual\": [9.04, \"6.72e+10\"], \"expected\": [4.02, \"6.72e+10\"], \"passed\": false}], \"passed\": false}\n"},"fixed":{"elapsed_ms":43.046,"exit_code":0,"observations":[{"actual":[5.4,"7.98e+12"],"check":"swarm 0","expected":[5.4,"7.98e+12"],"passed":true},{"actual":[2.7,"7.10e+08"],"check":"swarm 1","expected":[2.7,"7.10e+08"],"passed":true},{"actual":[4.5,"3.55e+11"],"check":"swarm 2","expected":[4.5,"3.55e+11"],"passed":true},{"actual":[2.7,"7.10e+08"],"check":"swarm 3","expected":[2.7,"7.10e+08"],"passed":true},{"actual":[4.4,"2.52e+11"],"check":"swarm 4","expected":[4.4,"2.52e+11"],"passed":true},{"actual":[4.67,"6.29e+11"],"check":"swarm 5","expected":[4.67,"6.29e+11"],"passed":true},{"actual":[6.67,"6.29e+14"],"check":"swarm 6","expected":[6.67,"6.29e+14"],"passed":true},{"actual":[4.02,"6.72e+10"],"check":"swarm 7","expected":[4.02,"6.72e+10"],"passed":true}],"passed":true,"stderr":"","stdout":"{\"observations\": [{\"check\": \"swarm 0\", \"actual\": [5.4, \"7.98e+12\"], \"expected\": [5.4, \"7.98e+12\"], \"passed\": true}, {\"check\": \"swarm 1\", \"actual\": [2.7, \"7.10e+08\"], \"expected\": [2.7, \"7.10e+08\"], \"passed\": true}, {\"check\": \"swarm 2\", \"actual\": [4.5, \"3.55e+11\"], \"expected\": [4.5, \"3.55e+11\"], \"passed\": true}, {\"check\": \"swarm 3\", \"actual\": [2.7, \"7.10e+08\"], \"expected\": [2.7, \"7.10e+08\"], \"passed\": true}, {\"check\": \"swarm 4\", \"actual\": [4.4, \"2.52e+11\"], \"expected\": [4.4, \"2.52e+11\"], \"passed\": true}, {\"check\": \"swarm 5\", \"actual\": [4.67, \"6.29e+11\"], \"expected\": [4.67, \"6.29e+11\"], \"passed\": true}, {\"check\": \"swarm 6\", \"actual\": [6.67, \"6.29e+14\"], \"expected\": [6.67, \"6.29e+14\"], \"passed\": true}, {\"check\": \"swarm 7\", \"actual\": [4.02, \"6.72e+10\"], \"expected\": [4.02, \"6.72e+10\"], \"passed\": true}], \"passed\": true}\n"}},"verified":true,"visibility":"public"}